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Biology A&P
2nd Quarter Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| corresponds to Kingdom Archaebacteria | Domain Archaea |
| unicellular, prokaryotic, extremophiles, mostly chemautotrophs | Domain Archaea |
| found in different extreme environments; includes methanogens, extreme halophiles, and some extreme thermophiles | Phylum Euryarchaeota |
| methanococcus, methanobacterium, thermosplasma, thermococcus, pyropilus, halobacterium, natrosobacterium | Phylum Euryarchaeota |
| extreme thermophile discovered in hydrothermal vents in iceland | Phylum Nanoarchaeota |
| genome lacks genes from metabolic pathways | Phylum Nanoarchaeota |
| only living known species of Nanoarchaeota | Nanoarchaeum equitans |
| symbiotic archaean | Phylum Nanoarchaeota |
| most extreme thermophile (unable to grow below 70C) | Phylum Crenarchaeota |
| Pyrolobus sp. is under this archaean group | Phylum Crenarchaeota |
| include psychrophiles found frozen most of the year | Phylum Crenarchaeota |
| mesophilic large plankton species | Phylum Crenarchaeota |
| newly designated group, archaea | Phylum Thaumarchaeota |
| all are mesophilic, chemautotrophic ammonia oxidizers | Phylum Thaumarchaeota |
| Cenarchaeum symbiosum | Phylum Thaumarchaeota |
| thermophile | Phylum Korarchaeota |
| anaerobic metabolism of peptide ferementation | Phylum Korarchaeota |
| consist of loving species Candidatus Korarchaeum cryptofilum | Phylum Korarchaeota |
| phytohormones primarily produced in the apical meristem | Auxins |
| phytohormones produced actively in dividing tissues such as root tips and developing embryo | Cytokinins |
| gaseous plant hormone that regulates fruit ripening, senescenes, and response to envi stress | ethylene |
| Kingdom-- microscopic single-celled to large multicellular organisms | Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista |
| plant hormone for regulating seed dormancy, germination, stomatal closure, and response to environment stress | abscisic acid (ABA) |
| Kingdom--nucleus contain DNA | Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista |
| Kingdom--some membrane-bound organelle | Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista |
| Kingdom--various habitats (water, soil, animal bodies) | Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista |
| Kingdom--mostly motile ( flagellum, cilium, pseudopodia) | Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista |
| Kingdom--nutrition: ingest, absorb, photosynthesis | Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista |
| Kingdom--single-celled, colony | Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista |
| biflagellated eukaryote | Bikonta |
| uniflagellated eukaryote | Unikonta |
| have multiple flagella and lack mitochondria, anaerobic respiration | Bikonta: Excavata>Metamonada |
| cells with two nuclei and multiple flagella | Bikonta: Excavata> Phylum Metamonada> Order Diplomonada |
| Giardia lamblia- | Bikonta: Excavata> Phylum Metamonada> Order Diplomonada |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | Bikonta: Excavata> Metamonada>Parabasalida |
| have fin-like undulating membrane, flagella, secrete mucus fluids | Bikonta: Excavata> Metamonada>Parabasalida |
| single-celled, highly motile (swimmer), functional mitochondria, some photosynthetic | Bikonta: Excavata>Euglenozoa |
| - free-living with flagella - most are photosynthetic | Bikonta: Excavata>Phylum Euglenozoa> Euglenids |
| Euglena | Bikonta: Excavata>Euglenozoa> Euglenids |
| non-photosynthetic, animal parasite-contains large DNA protein deposit called kinetoplast | Bikonta: Excavata>Euglenozoa> Kinetoplastids |
| Trypanosoma | Bikonta: Excavata>Euglenozoa> Kinetoplastids |
| - alveolates, because they have small, flattened membrane called alveoli (belly) under the plasma membrane, motile, non-motile | Bikonta: Chromalveolata>Alveolata |
| free-living, motile (cilia) - aquatic | Ciliophora |
| - free-living, motile (flagella), spinning, some are photosynthetic | Dinoflagellata |
| non-motile, animal parasite, has special group of fibrils , microtubules and organelles called apical complex | Apicomplexa |
| Paramecium | Ciliophora |
| Ceratium | Dinoflagellata |
| Peridinium | Dinoflagellata |
| Gonyaulax | Dinoflagellata |
| Plasmodium | Apicomplexa |
| Toxoplasma | Apicomplexa |
| 2 types of flagellum during reproductive cell except golden algae | Stramenopila |
| water molds, white rusts, mildew-heterotrophs | Stramenopila>Oomycota |
| Achlya | Stramenopila>Oomycota> |
| Saprolegnia | Stramenopila>Oomycota |
| - diatoms | Stramenopila>Bacillariophyta |
| photosynthetic, 2 valves body with silica- terrestrial, aquatic, animal skeleton | Stramenopila>Bacillariophyta |
| diatoms- circular | Centric diatoms |
| diatoms- irregular shapes | Pennate diatoms |
| Coscinodiscus | Stramenopila>Bacillariophyta |
| Cyclotella | Stramenopila>Bacillariophyta |
| Navicula | Stramenopila>Bacillariophyta |
| Nitzschia | Stramenopila>Bacillariophyta |
| Grammatophora | Stramenopila>Bacillariophyta |
| Asterionella | Stramenopila>Bacillariophyta |
| golden algae | Chrysophyta |
| - brown algae - mostly marine | Phaeophyta |
| Sargassum | Phaeophyta |
| Padina | Phaeophyta |
| Turbinaria | Phaeophyta |
| Hormophysa | Phaeophyta |
| kelp | Phaeophyta |
| 2 heterotophic amoebas, 1 photosynthetic group | Bikonta: Rhizaria |
| marine protists with axopods (engulf) - secrete glassy internal skeleton, sediment | Radiolaria |
| marine protists, shell (holes) - microscopic, sediments | Foraminifera |
| photosynthetic amoeba (engulf) -many filamentous pseudopodia | Chlorarachniophyta |
| consists of two groups of algae and land plants | Bikonta: Archaeplastida |
| descended from 1st eukaryote that acquired chloroplast from cyanobacterium | Bikonta: Archaeplastida |
| all are photosynthetic | Bikonta: Archaeplastida |
| - red algae, mostly marine, -macroscopic, multicellular, -cellulose, phycobilins, source of -carrageenan, photosynthetic | Rhodophyta |
| - green algae, photosynthetic - single-celled to multicellular - microscopic/ macroscopic - freshwater or marine | Chlorophyta |
| - single-celled inhabiting marine/freshwater | Amoebas |
| pseudopods for locomotion and feeding - heterotrophic, some are pathogenic | Amoebas |
| exist as individual cells | Cellular slime molds |
| - exist in large composite mass called plasmodium | Plasmodial slime molds |
| = behind/posterior (flagellum) | opisthen |
| includes fungi, animals, plants, 2 other protists | Unikonta: Opisthokonta |
| - (Choanos= collar)- packed microvilli - mostly sessile (cluster) - same structure with sponges | Choanoflagellates |
| spherical amoeba with fine pseudopods -closely related to fungi and animals - heterotrophic | Nucleariidae |
| Amoeba proteus, Acanthamoeba, Entamoeba | Amoebas |
| Eucheuma | Rhodophyta |
| Gracillaria | Rhodophyta |
| Gracillariopsis | Rhodophyta |
| Pyropia | Rhodophyta |
| Irish Moss- Condrus crispus | Rhodophyta |
| Acetabularia – unicellular | Chlorophyta |
| Volvox- colonial | Chlorophyta |
| Spirogyra | Chlorophyta |
| Ulva ( sea lettuce) | Chlorophyta |
| Caulerpa (lato) | Chlorophyta |
| Valonia | Chlorophyta |
| Codium | Chlorophyta |
| Ulothrix | Chlorophyta |
| This ability, observed in both bacteria and archaea, to sense and respond to these signals is known as ___________ | quorum sensing |
| It coordinates the behavior of bacteria within a colony; allows bacteria to communicate both within and between different species. | Quorum sensing |
| Quorum sensing prokaryotes produce and release small, diffusible chemical signal molecules called _________ as the cell population reaches a critical threshold. | autoinducers |
| As the density of quorum sensing bacterial cells increase, do does the concentration of ______. | Autoinducers |
| These ______ initiate a series of reaction that activate gene expression associated with cellular functions that are beneficial only when population reaches critical density. | autoinducers |
| genetic exchange can occur between distantly related prokaryotes through a process called _. | horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer |
| This process enables prokaryotes to transfer genetic material even to organisms that are not their offspring. | horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer |
| DNA fragments from homologous regions and usually 10 nucleotides long, are exchanged between dead, degraded bacterium donor and a living competent bacterium by means of RecA proteins and other molecules involved in breaking and joining DNA segments. | Transformation |
| does not require physical contact between the donating and receiving bacterial cell for genetic exchange to take place. It happens with the aid of a bacteriophage. | Transduction |
| is a virus that specifically attacks bacteria. | bacteriophage |
| is the most common mechanism of horizontal gene transfer. It can happen between bacteria of different species. | conjugation |
| This group of bacteria that is composed of more than 200 genera was molecularly categorized by Carl Woese using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing | Proteobacteria |
| Rhizobium sp. | Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Alpha Proteobacteria; gram negative |
| Agrobacterium sp. | Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Alpha Proteobacteria; gram negative |
| The common characteristic of this group is that they are oligotrophic, capable of surviving in environments with low levels of nutrients. Two species of this bacterial group exhibit symbiotic relationships with plants | Class: Alpha Proteobacteria; |
| these bacteria are eutrophic, meaning they require large amounts of organic nutrients to survive. They are commonly found in aerobic and anaerobic environments. | Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Alpha Proteobacteria; gram negative |
| Nitrosomonas - nitrogen cycling | Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Beta Proteobacteria; gram negative |
| Neisseria sp - pathogenic to humans causing gonorrhea | Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Beta Proteobacteria; gram negative |
| This group is the largest and most diverse among the five classes of proteobacteria with most organisms known to be pathogenic to humans | Class Gamma Proteobacteria |
| E.coli - causes diarrhea | Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Gamma Proteobacteria; gram negative |
| Vibrio cholerae - causes diarrhea | Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Gamma Proteobacteria; gram negative |
| Includes three major groups of gram-negative bacteria: myxobacteria, sulfate-reducing, bdellovibrios | Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Delta Proteobacteria; gram negative |
| that form fruiting bodies when subjected to harsh environmental conditions; delta proteobacteria | myxobacteria |
| bacteria that use sulfate in degrading organic compounds; delta proteobacteria | sulfate-reducing |
| delta proteobacteria that feed on other bacteria. | bdellovibrios |
| This is the smallest group of Proteobacteria containing only 12 genera and around 60 species. | Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Epsilon Proteobacteria; gram negative |
| Campylobacter - cause gastrointestinal disorders in humans. | Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Epsilon Proteobacteria; gram negative |
| Helicobacter - - cause gastrointestinal disorders in humans. | Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Epsilon Proteobacteria; gram negative |
| A small group of non-motile and cocci-shaped bacteria consisting only of one genus, | Phylum Chlamydias |
| All organisms under this group are intracellular obligate parasites of animals and humans. | Phylum Chlamydias |
| Exhibit a physiological characteristic similar to that of a virus which makes use of a host cell to perform metabolic processes. | Phylum Chlamydias |
| ___________, a sexually transmitted disease infecting urethra of humans. When left untreated, it can also infect the fallopian tubes and cervixes of women; | Chlamydia trachomatis |
| __________ that infects the respiratory system of humans causing influenza-like disease called psittacosis; | Chlamydia psittaci |
| ___________ that causes inflammation in the lungs known as pneumonitis | Chlamydia pneumoniae |
| Group of gram-negative bacteria characterized by their wavy (spiral) structure that looks like a corkscrew or telephone cord | Phylum Spirochetes |
| Unique among all bacterial groups with flagella located inside the cellular body | Phylum Spirochetes |
| Specifically, the flagella of spirochetes are found between the inner and outer cellular membrane known as _________ | periplasm |
| Leptospira that cause leptospirosis; | Phylum Spirochetes |
| Borella that causes Lyme disease | Phylum Spirochetes |
| Treponema that causes syphilis. | Phylum Spirochetes |
| are widespread in marine and freshwater environments and are referred to as blue-green algae | Phylum cyanobacteria |
| However, cyanobacteria differ from green algae in that their cell wall is made up of _______ instead of cellulose | peptidoglycan |
| They exist in varying shapes from simple unicellular (spherical, cylindrical or spiral) to complex filamentous forms that are nitrogen fixers | Phylum cyanobacteria |
| are the only bacteria capable of photosynthesis. This process takes place inside the thylakoid membrane. | Phylum cyanobacteria |
| Moreover, cyanobacteria's ability to fix carbon dioxide is due to the presence of an enzyme-containing compartment called the_____ | Carboxysome |
| Bacteria that stains purple when subjected to Gram-staining, a process developed by Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram, that groups bacteria according to cell wall composition. | Phylum gram-positive |
| This phylum have a thick peptidoglycan layer located outside the plasma membrane | Phylum gram-positive |
| Staphylococcus that causes food poisoning | Phylum gram-positive |
| Streptococcus that causes pneumonia | Phylum gram-positive |
| ; Clostridium that causes tetanus | Phylum gram-positive |
| Listeria that causes meningitis | Phylum gram-positive |
| species of Bacillus that produces anthrax toxin | Phylum gram-positive |
| are subdivided according to cocci arrangement (see Fig 14). The arrangement can either be in pairs (Diplococcus); in chains (Streptococcus), in packets of four (Sarcina) or in irregular clusters (Staphylococcus). | gram-positive cocci |
| are subdivided according to the ability to form spores. Some are sporeforming like Clostridium and Bacillus while others are not, such as Listeria. | gram-positive bacilli |
| Group of anaerobic, gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that live in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals | Phylum Bacteroidetes |
| They are characterized mainly by the presence of a unique cell membrane composed of sphingolipid, a fatty acid chain attached with a sphingosine backbone | Phylum Bacteroidetes |
| Bacteroides fragilis are pathogenic to humans causing abdominal sepsis | Phylum Bacteroidetes |
| Bacteria under Phylum Chlorobi which are found to be phylogenetically isolated from other bacterial groups | Green sulfur bacteria |
| These are obligate anaerobic phototrophs and can perform photosynthesis using sulfide or sulfur without producing oxygen as a by-product | Green sulfur bacteria |
| Distinguished from other bacteria because of the presence of light-trapping organelles called chlorosomes | Green sulfur bacteria |
| genus Chlorobium that produces methane in the process of oxidation | Phylum Chlorobi; green-sulfur bacteria |
| utilize other organic substrates and sometimes, molecular hydrogen as donors of electrons | green non-sulfur bacteria |
| genus Chloroflexus that has no flagella for locomotion but can move through a gliding motion | green non-sulfur bacteria |
| A group of extremely thermophilic, gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, surviving in environments with temperatures ranging from 65-90 0C | thermotogae |
| Distinguished by the presence of a unique cellular envelope known as “toga.” | thermotogae |
| This bacteria Increase rice grain yield in terms of number of panicles | Agrobacterium amazonense |
| This bacteria Increase the total sugar and soluble solid content in strawberries | Pseudomonas sp. |
| this bacteria Control plant pathogens in soil | Bacillus pumilus SE 34 |
| this bacteria Promote shoot and root growth in mung bean legumes | Bradyrhizobium sp |
| this bacteria Acts in quorum sensing, a process where bacteria control the expression of virulent genes in pathogenic bacteria thereby preventing plant disease. | Azospirillum lipoferum |
| plant disease known as bacterial wilt or “bugtok disease” attacks bananas causing discoloration in fruit and bunch stalk | bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum. |
| panicle blight in rice plant caused by | Burkholderia glumae |
| soft rot in cabbage caused by | Pectobacterium carotovorum |
| crown gall in herb roots caused by | Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
| Causes Toxic shock syndrome | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Causes gastric ulcer | Helicobacter pylori |
| Causes epidemic cholera | Vibrio cholerae |
| Causes atherosclerosis | Chlamydia pneumoniae |
| Causes sudden infant death syndrome | Clostridium botulinum |
| Causes Pneumonia | Parachlamydia |
| Causes Legionnaire's pnuemonia | Legionella pneumophila |
| Causes streptococcal toxic shock syndrome | Streptococcus pyrogenes |
| Causes hemorrhagic colitis | E. coli |
| major pigment of cyanophyta | chlorophyll a glycogen |
| major pigment of chlorophyta | chlorophyll a & b starch |
| major pigment of bacillariophyta | chlorophyll a &c ; chrysolaminarin |
| major pigment of euglenophyta | chlorophyll a &b; paramylon |
| major pigment of chrysophyta | chlorophyll a; chrysolaminarin |
| major pigment of xanthophyta | chlorophyll a & c; chrysolaminarin |
| major pigment of Phaeophyta | chlorophyll a & c; laminarin, fucoxanthin |
| major pigment of Rohodophyta | Chlorophyll a; starch |
| major pigment of Dinophyta | Chlorophyll a &c; starch |
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