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Biology 107 Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Transverse plane | Divides the body into top and bottom |
| Sagittal plane | Divides the body into left and right parts |
| Frontal plane | Divides the body into front and back parts |
| Superior | Toward the head or upper part |
| Inferior | Away from the head, toward the lower part |
| Anterior | Front of the body |
| Posterior | Back of the body |
| Ventral cavity | Front of the body cavity |
| Dorsal cavity | Back of the body cavity |
| Medial | Toward the midline of the body |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body |
| Proximal | Closer to the point of attachment |
| Distal | Farther from the point of attachment |
| Superficial | Near or on the surface of the body |
| Deep | Away from the surface of the body, more internal |
| Palmar | Palm side of the hand |
| Plantar | Sole of the foot |
| Cephalic | Head |
| Buccal | Cheek |
| Pectoral | Chest |
| Umbilical | Area around the navel (Belly button) |
| Femoral | Thigh |
| Axillary | Armpit |
| Genital | Reproductive organs region |
| Nasal | Nose |
| Digital | Fingers or Toes |
| Lumbar | Lower back |
| Brachial | Arm |
| Occipital | Back of the head |
| Gluteal | Butt |
| Orbital | Eye socket |
| Pedal | Foot |
| Cervical | Neck |
| Oral | Mouth |
| Otic | Ear |
| What does the Dorsal cavity contain? | Cranial and vertebral cavities |
| What does the ventral cavity contain? | Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| Abdominal cavity | Contains most Digestive Organs |
| Cranial cavity | Space inside the skull containing the brain |
| Vertebral cavity | Space within the vertebral column containing the spinal cord |
| Pelvic cavity | Contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum |
| Pleural membranes | Membranes surrounding the lungs |
| Pericardial membrane | Membrane surrounding the heart |
| Peritoneal membrane | Membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs |
| Proton | Positively charged particle |
| Neutron | Neutral particle |
| Electron | Negatively charged particle |
| Ionic bond | Chemical bond formed by transfer of electrons between atoms |
| Covalent bond | Chemical bond formed by sharing of electrons between atoms |
| Hydrogen bond | Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) |
| Phospholipids | Molecules forming the bilayer of the cell membrane; hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail |
| Proteins (in cell membrane) | Embedded molecules that assist transport, signaling, and structural support |
| Cholesterol (in cell membrane) | Lipid that stabilizes membrane fluidity |
| Nucleus | Organelle containing DNA; Control center of the cell |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Membrane network; Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis and smooth ER synthesizes lipids |
| Golgi apparatus | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport |
| Mitochondria | "Powerhouse" of the cell; produces ATP through cellular respiration |
| Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis |
| Lysosomes | Vesicles containing digestive enzymes; break down waste and cellular debris |
| Prophase | Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; nuclear envelope breaks down; centrioles travel to opposite ends of the cell |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes align at the cells equatorial plate and spindle fibers attach |
| Anaphase | Spindle fibers "pull" sister chromatids towards the centrioles |
| Telophase | Chromosomes decondense; and nuclear envelope reforms around them; cell prepares to divide |
| Blood tissue | Connective tissue with plasma, red and white blood cells, and platelets |
| What does Blood tissue do? | Transports substances |
| Bone tissue | Dense connective tissue |
| What does Bone tissue do? | Supports and protects organs; stores minerals |
| Skeletal muscle | Striated voluntary muscle for movement |
| Neuron | Nerve cell that transmits electrical signals |
| Alveoli | Thin sacs in lungs for gas exchange |
| Epidermis | Outermost layer of skin; provides protection |
| Dermsi | Middle layer of skin; contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands |
| Subcutaneous layer | Deepest layer of skin; stores fat and cushions organs |
| Hypodermis | Deepest layer of skin; stores fat and cushions organs |
| Hair follicle | Structure in dermis where hair grows |
| Sweat glands | Produce sweat for temperature regulation and excretion |
| Frontal bone | Forehead bone |
| Parietal bone | Sides and roof of skull |
| Coronal suture | Connects frontal and parietal bones |
| Temporal bone | Side and base of skull; contains ear structures |
| Occipital bone | Back of skull; contains foramen magnum |
| Foramen magnum | Large opening in occipital bone for spinal cord passage |
| Ethmoid bone | Forms part of nasal cavity and eye orbits |
| Sphenoid bone | Bone at base of skull; "keystone" bone |
| Mandible | Lower jawbone |
| Maxilla | Upper jawbone |
| Palatine bone | Forms posterior hard plate |
| Zygomatic bone | Cheekbone |
| Nasal bone | Bridge of nose |
| Cervical vertebrae | Neck vertebrae |
| How many cervical vertebrae are there? | 7 (The time you eat breakfast) |
| Thoracic vertebrae | Upper/Mid-back vertebrae |
| How many thoracic vertebrae are there? | 12 (The time you eat lunch) |
| Lumbar vertebrae | Lower back vertebrae |
| How many lumbar vertebrae are there? | 5 (The time you eat dinner) |
| Sacrum | Fused vertebrae forming posterior pelvic wall |
| Coccyx | Tailbone; fused vertebrae at base of spine (Looks like stingray) |
| True ribs | First 7 pairs; directly attached to sternum |
| False ribs | Last 5 pairs; indirectly or not attached to sternum |
| Sternum | Breastbone; protects heart and lungs |
| Clavicle | Collarbone; connects sternum to scapula |
| Scapula | Shoulder blade |
| Humerus | Upper arm bone |
| Ulna | Medical forearm bone (Pinky side) |
| Radius | Lateral forearm bone (Thumb side) |
| Carpals | Wrist bones (8 per hand) |
| Metacarpals | Hand bones (5 per hand) |
| Phalanges (hand) | Finger bones |
| Acetabulum | Hip socket; articulates with femur |
| Ilium | Upper pelvic bone |
| Ischium | Lower posterior pelvic bone |
| Pubis | Anterior pelvic bone |
| Femur | Thigh bone; longest bone in the body |
| Head of Femur | Rounded top of Femur; fit into acetabulum |
| Patella | Knee cap |
| Tibia | Shinbone; medical lower leg |
| Fibula | Lateral lower leg bone |
| Tarsals | Ankle bones (7 per foot) |
| Metatarsals | Foot bones (5 per foot) |
| Phalanges (Foot) | Toe bones |
| Frotalis | Forehead muscle; raises eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | Circular muscle around the eye; closes eyelids |
| Masseter | Jaw muscle; elevates mandible for chewing |
| Orbicularis Oris | Circular muscle around the mouth; closes and puckers lips |
| Sternocleidomastoid | Neck muscle; rotates and flexes head |
| Trapezius | Upper back/neck muscle; moves scapula and extends neck |
| External oblique | Side abdominal muscle; rotates trunk and flexes vertebral column |
| Rectus abdominis | Vertical abdominal muscle; flexes vertebral column (abs) |
| Pectoralis major | Chest muscle; adducts and rotates arm medially |
| Biceps brachii | Front upper arm; flexes elbow and supinates forearm |
| Latissimus dorsi | Large back muscle; extends, adducts, and rotates arm |
| Deltoid | Shoulder muscle; abducts and rotates arm |
| Triceps brachii | Back of upper arm; extends elbow |
| Gluteus medius | Lateral hip muscle; abducts and rotates thigh |
| Gluteus maximus | Butt muscle; extends and laterally rotates thigh |
| Quadriceps femoris (group) | Front thigh muscles; extends knee |
| Tibialis anterior | Front lower leg; dorsiflexes and inverts foot |
| Hamstring (group) | Back thigh muscles; flex knee and extends hip |
| Gastrocnemius | Calf muscle; plantar flexes foot and flexes knee |
| Adductor longus | Medical thigh muscle; adducts thigh |
| Frontal lobe | Voluntary movement, decision making, problem solving |
| Parietal lobe | Processes sensory information (touch pressure, pain) |
| Temporal lobe | Hearing, memory, and language |
| Occipital lobe | Vision processing |
| Ventricles | Brain cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
| Cerebellium | Coordinates balance, posture, and fine motor control |
| Hypothalamus | Controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system; regulates homeostasis |
| Thalamus | Relay center for sensory information to the cerebral cortex |
| Pituitary galnd | Master endocrine gland; controls other glands via hormones |
| Gray matter | Brain/spinal cord tissue containing neuron cell bodies |
| White matter | Brain/spinal cord tissue containing myelinated axons for signal distribution |
| Corpus callosum | Connects left and right cerebral hemispheres |
| Midbrain | Part of brain stem; visual and auditory reflexes |
| Pons | Brain stem; relays signals between cerebrum and cerebellum |
| Medulla oblongata | Brain stem; controls vital functions (heart rate, breathing) |
| Olfactory bulbs | Brain structures; sense of smell |
| Optic nerve | Transmits visual information from retina to brain |
| Spinal cord | Conducts signals between brain and body; reflexes |
| Meninges | Protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord (dura, arachnoid, pia) |
| Hypothalamus | Brain region controlling endocrine glands and autonomic nervous system |
Created by:
Nataliebriggs25
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