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SOC 110
SOC 110 exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social stratification | the division and categorization of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy. Higher-level groups enjoy more access to the rewards and resources within that society, leaving lower-level groups with less. |
| Social Inequality | the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige in society. It profoundly affects individuals’ life experiences. |
| Basic principles of social stratification | It is a characteristic of society rather than a reflection of individual differences. It persists over generations. Different societies use different criteria for ranking. It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of a society. |
| Slavery | The most extreme system of social stratification, slavery relegates people to the status of property, mainly for labor. |
| Caste | form of social stratification, usually based on heredity, in which a person has little or no chance of changing his or her position within the hierarchy regardless of individual achievement. Apartheid (1948–91) |
| Social Class | A system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, property, power, and prestige practiced determined by variables of wealth, education, income, power, and occupation. |
| Upper class | makes up 1 percent of the U.S. population through investments, and are often highly educated, cultured, and influential. |
| Upper middle class | 14 percent of the population. Members are well educated, highly skilled depend on income from salaried work |
| Middle class | 30 percent of the population high school education and a two- or four-year college degree white collar workers in technical and lower-management jobs or small entrepreneurs |
| Working or lower middle class | 30 percent of the population blue collar or service industry workers with a high school education |
| Working poor | 13 percent of the population, often have less than a high school education, and work in lower-paid or minimum-wage unskilled, temporary or seasonal jobs. |
| Underclass | Its members are generally not well educated and lack work skills valued by the job market chronic difficulty meeting basic needs and live in substandard housing or are homeless. |
| Why is SES problematic? | categories are problematic due to status inconsistencies, or stark contrasts in the different status levels one person can occupy SES are numerous and complex, one individual may embody many different levels of class standing. |
| Social stratification: Weberian theory | Max Weber: Class = wealth, power, pretige. power - ability to impose one's will on others; prestige - social honor that comes from membership in certain groups; each have distinct elements but are interrelated |
| Social stratification: Structual functionalism | Kingsley Davis + Wilbert Moore: social stratification = syste, of rewards that are unequally distributed among roles. higher roles = desireable for functioning of sociatry + greater talent/training. assumption of meritocracy |
| Social stratification: Post modernism | Pierre Bourdieu: Class passed down from 1 gen to another via social reproduction. Through cultural capital - hinder or help people in their lives |
| Social stratification: Symbolic interactionism | Class is constructed from social interactions. Sudnow = we make split second judgements about who people are and which ss they occupy and act. Cicourel suggests we make inferences abt status of others within the social context. |
| Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances: Family | age when people marry, whem and how many children they have |
| Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances: Health | SES affects both overall health and access to health care. richest 1 % live around 15 years longer than the poorest 1%. Higher income and education levels are linked to the likelihood of participating in physical exercise. |
| Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances: Education | Education and class status affect each other in a self-perpetuating feedback cycle higher a person’s education level is, the higher their income will be |
| Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances: Work and income | The income gap between the rich and poor continues to widen. Social class affects a person’s education, job opportunities, and income. |
| Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances: Criminal Justice | people in lower classes are often more visible and less powerful, and thereby more likely to be labeled as criminals. Poor people are also more likely to be victims of violent crime and more likely to feel at risk of police harassment than rich people. |
| Social mobility | movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical system of social classes. |
| Closed system | there is little opportunity for social mobility. |
| open system | provides ample opportunity for social mobility. |
| intergenerational mobilty | refers to change in social class that occurs from one generation to the next |
| intragenerational mobility | refers to the change in social class that occurs in an individual’s lifetime |
| horizontal social mobility | refers to the occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class |
| structual mobility | large numbers of people move up or down the social ladder because of structural changes in society as a whole. |
| relative deprivation | comparative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society |
| absolute deprivation | objective measure of poverty defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, and health care. |
| Vertical social mobility | mobility refers to the movement between different class statuses. |
| Criticisms of the poverty line include | its uniform application regardless of regional differences, its failure to take into account government assistance, and its heavy emphasis on food costs. |
| “Culture of poverty” | Oscar Lewis, who suggested the poor develop a way of life that includes attitudes of resignation and fatalism, which causes poverty to pass on generationally. |
| Why is poverty "invisible" | Poverty in the United States is often invisible even though in Residential segregation, political disenfranchisement, and homelessness all contribute to the poor being unrecognized in mainstream society. |
| Ideology of american dream | Ideology of American Dream = meritocraxy, legitimizing stratification by idea of everyone has same chances and long term success/failure depends on the individual inequality is presented as system of incentives and rewards for achivement |
| Reality of US | depends more on race or ethnicity, gender, and class than on merit |
| Simplicity movement | which rejects consumerism and seeks to reverse some of its consequences for the individual, for society, and for the planet as a whole. |
| Just world hypothesis | refers to our belief that the world is fair. This viewpoint causes us to believe that those who do good will be rewarded, and those who exhibit negative behaviors will be punished. |
| Sex | individual’s membership in one of two categories—male or female—based on biological factors expressed through primary and secondary sex characteristics. |
| intersex | meaning their chromosomes and sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female. |
| Gender | refers to the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members. |
| constructionist | believe gender is a social construction shaped by culture and historical time period. Most mainstream sociologists use this approach. |
| gender identify | ndividual’s self-definition or sense of gender. Those whose sex corresponds with their gender identity are cisgender, while those whose gender identity does not align with their sex are transgender. |
| cisgender | sex corresponds with their gender |
| gender expression | external behavioral manifestation of gender. |
| Kinsey's take on human sexuality | human sexuality was very diverse and suggested that people are not exclusively heterosexual or homosexual but rather fall along a wide spectrum. |
| Queer theory | social theory about gender and sexual identity that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories |
| Gender role socialization | ifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine; it often perpetuates binary notions of gender, reinforces gender conformity, and supports heteronormativity. |
| how do schools continue gender role socialization | Teachers favor boys even if girls score better, they are typically credited for hard work rather than intellectual ability and encouraged to focus on social skills or appearance rather than brain power. heteronormativity that pervades school life. |
| how to peers reinforce gender stereotypes | Boys tend to gain prestige through athletic ability, humor, or taking risks and defying norms. Girls tend to gain prestige through social position and physical attractiveness. |
| Hegemonic masculinity | promotes characteristics such as independence, aggression, and toughness and rejects any alternate qualities in men. |
| toxic masculinity | masculine ideal that espouses extreme and harmful attitudes and behaviors and may lead to various negative effects for women and men. |
| Microagressions | everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups. |
| Social stratification: Conflict theory | |
| Gender Inequality: Structural functionalists | Talcott Parsons believe certain social roles are better suited to one gender over the other and that societies are more stable when norms are fulfilled by the appropriate sex. |
| Gender Inequality: Conflict theory | see gender inequality as a manifestation of exploitation. Capitalists benefit from patriarchal families where women serve as a source of unpaid labor |
| Gender Inequality: Symbolic interactionist | gender is a social construction so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person’s gender identity. |
| feminist | link gender inequality with inequality in other social hierarchies and argue that in U.S. society, gender and power are inextricably intertwined. |
| Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances: Family | Women are more likely to retain the caregiving role after a divorce LGBTQIA youth who face rejection negative consequences The existence of the second shift shows |
| Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances: Health | Women are statistically expected to live longer than men lowest in 50 years as women engage in more stress-related behavior. |
| Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances: Education | outnumbering men as college graduates, women still earn less than men at every level of education. LGBTQIA youth face difficulty and harassment for their sexual and gender identities |
| Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances: Work and income | more men in the labor force than women and never-married women are more likely to work than married women Feminization of poverty female-dominated occupations = undervalued and underpaid. Gender pay gap number of working mothers continues to rise. |
| Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances: Criminal justice | Men are more likely to die violent deaths and be victims of assault. Women are more likely to be victims of rape Men are overwhelmingly represented in nearly all categories of arrests, and women outnumber them only for prostitution. |
| Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances: Intersectionality | Gender is linked to other social statuses in the effects it has on our lives. |
| Woman's movements: 1st wave | Elizabeth Cady Stanton and lasted until American women won the right to vote in 1920, which was achieved through the efforts of the suffrage movement. |
| Woman's movements: 2nd wave | equal access to education + employment in 1960-70 reforms like equal opportunity laws. legislations against sexual harassment and marital rape, and an increase in general public awareness about gender discrimination. |
| Woman's movements: 3rd wave | 1980s-90s and focuses on diversity and intersectionality, with efforts to broaden the application of feminism to women who are not white and middle-class, and to examine ideas about personal identity and freedom from limiting categories. |
| Men's movements | movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of oppressive gender roles and expectations associated with masculinity. |
| Pro feminist men's movement | offshoot of male liberation whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women. |
| LGBTQIA Movements | Stonewall riots Same-sex marriage was legalized clear division exists in the LGBTQIA community between those who lived before the gay liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s and those who lived after it. |
| acute illness | re those that have a sudden onset and may be briefly incapacitating; they may be either curable or fatal. |
| chronic disease | are those that develop over a longer period of time and may not be detected until later in their progression, when symptoms occur. |
| curative/crisis medicine | treats the disease once it has become apparent and works best for acute illnesses or injuries. |
| preventative medicine | that aims to avoid or forestall the onset of a disease by taking preventative measures, such as making lifestyle changes. |
| palliative care | health care that focuses on symptom and pain relief and providing a supportive environment for critically ill or dying patients. |
| medicalization | process of transforming problems that were once not considered medical conditions into illnesses over time. |
| epidemiology | study of the social aspect of disease patterns. collect and analyze data in order to understand the causes of a particular illness |
| epidemics | number of cases of a particular disease during a particular time period is significantly higher than might otherwise be expected. |
| influenes of global climate change | contribute to growing epidemics, as even small increases in temperature can multiply the numbers of vector organisms that carry and spread pathogens. |
| SES affects health and illness | higher SES = afford more and better health care, but they also have greater access to other resources that positively impact their health lower SES = higher rates of disease, as well as higher death rates and shorter life expectancy |
| food deserts | residents have little or no access to fresh, affordable, healthy foods predominantly low-income or nonwhite. densely populated, urban areas that may have convenience stores and fast-food restaurants but no grocery stores |
| deprivation aplification | term used to describe how individual disease risks are amplified by social factors. |
| AMA | association governing almost all issues concerning medicine in both public health and professional regulation. enforcing degree rationing in medical schools, the AMA is a monopolizing organization |
| sick role | was a form of deviance, since the patient is exempted from regular responsibilities and is not held responsible for the illness. patients who fail to follow the new set of duties are labeled as deviant. |
| complementary and alternative medicine | involves everything from deep breathing and herbal remedies to chiropractics and massage slowly gaining legitimacy in the world of conventional medicine, but is still generally not covered by medical insurers. |
| bioethics | the study of controversial moral or ethical issues related to scientific and medical advancements—has become more involved. HGP raises the issue of genetic testing and whether parents should be able to choose whether or not to bear a disabled child. |
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