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BIO FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microscopes increase this to increase resolution | magnification |
| two types of electron microscopy | SEM, TEM |
| repeating NAM/NAG units on cell wall | peptidoglycan layer |
| cell membrane make-up | lipopolysaccharide bilayer |
| Cell envelope inside to outside of gram negative | Lipopolysaccharide inner membrane, peptidoglycan cell wall, lipopolysaccharide outer membrane |
| Cell envelope inside to outside of gram positive | Lipopolysaccharide membrane, peptidoglycan cell wall |
| reinforcement of gram-positive cell wall | teichoic acids |
| Three components of lipopolysaccharide outer membrane | lipid A, core polysaccharide, O-antigen |
| Type of active transports caused by difference of charges that use coupled transportation | symport, antiport |
| ATP hydrolysis transporters | ABC transporters |
| Active transport with chemical modification | PTS/ group translocation |
| Triple bonded amino acid pair | CG |
| double bonded amino acid pair | AT |
| bonds between amino acids on the same strand of DNA (vertical) | phosphodiester |
| bonds between amino acids on opposite strands of DNA (horizontal) | H-bonds |
| structure of DNA nucleotides | Nitrogenous base, amino acid pairs, phosphorous, deoxyribose |
| fragments of lagging strand in DNA replication | Okazaki fragments |
| helicase function | unzip DNA |
| DNA Polymerase function | catalyze synthesis of DNA |
| ligase function | zip new DNA |
| main enzyme of transcription | RNA polymerase |
| 3 styles of horizontal gene transfer | conjugation, transformation, transduction |
| conjugation | plasmid DNA uptake |
| transformation | free DNA uptake into competent cells |
| transduction | accidental DNA uptake from bacteriophages |
| nonsense mutation | changes codon to "stop" or nothing |
| missense mutation | changes codon's complimentary amino acid |
| silent mutation | does not change codon's complimentary amino acid |
| frameshift mutation | changes all codons and complimentary amino acids from mutation point |
| point mutation | mutation of one amino acid |
| insertion/deletion mutation | mutation of multiple amino acids |
| post-translation DNA mutation control | modify targeted protein |
| translation DNA mutation control | activation of translation repressor genes |
| post-transcription DNA mutation control | modify mRNA with RNAse |
| transcription DNA mutation control | activation of transcription repressor genes, modification of sigma factors |
| DNA mutation control (last level of control) | modify gene |
| catabolism | breakdown of materials |
| anabolism | building up of materials |
| three pathways to break glucose into pyruvate | glycolysis, ED, PPP |
| fermentation vs respiration | fermentation is partial, respiration is total break down |
| Components of ETS (not including middle section) | initial oxidoreductase, terminal oxidoreductase, mobile electron carrier |
| electron carrier of biosynthesis | NADPH |
| genetic trait used for most phylogenetic trees | rRNA/ SSU rRNA |
| reductive evolution | symbiosis that leads to one organism becoming part of another |
| syntrophy | symbiosis where metabolic processes of both organisms depend on the other |
| 2 fundamental characteristics of archaea | non-pathogenic, methanogens |
Created by:
oclar11
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