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Water (Final)

QuestionAnswer
Runoff/Infiltration capacity is controlled by Intensity and duration of rainfall, prior wetted condition of the soil, soil texture, slope of the land, nature of the vegetative cover
Sheetflow develops into tiny channels called rills
Basic classification of streams Climatic zones, channel substrate, stream orders, drainage patterns, channel form
Climatic zones Perennial Vs ephemera
Channel substrate Bedrock Vs Alluvial
Stream orders based on drainage basin development
Channel form straight, meanders, braided channel, and branching
Interaction between groundwater and streams Constitutes a basic link in the hydrologic cycle
types of interactions Gaining streams, losing streams
Internal Stream Processes Erosion, transport, deposition
Climatic zones effect Stream depths
Geology effects slope, bed characteristics (roughness)
Channel configuration effects straight vs meander
Valley configuration effects shape & size
Sediment effects loads
Stream erosion Lifting loosely consolidated particles, stronger currents lift particles more effectively
How does erosion lift particles? Abrasion, dissolution/corrosion, plucking
Causes of Deposition Reduction in discharge, increase in sediment supply, decrease in slope, increase in cross-sectional area, increase in boundary resistance, flow separation, obstructions of flow
Where does deposition occur? In channel bars, floodplains, alluvial fans, deltas
Other impacts of deposition Diversion of water for irrigation, channelization, pesticides and herbicides, trace metals, nutrients and organic contaminants
Groundwater Water found in the pores of soil and sediment, plus narrow factures in bedrock
Why is groundwater important? Its the largest reservoir of fresh water that is readily available to humans
Distribution of groundwater Zone of saturation
Formation of the zone of saturation Water reaches a zone where all of the open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water.
Water table The upper limit of the zone of saturation
Factors influencing the storage and movement of groundwater. Porosity, permeability, aquitard, aquifer
Porosity Percentage of total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces
What does porosity do? Determines how much groundwater can be stored. Variations can be considered over short distance.
Features associated with groundwater Springs, wells, artesian wells
Wells Ensure a continuous supply of water, a well must penetrate below the water table
Pumping of wells can cause Drawdown (lowering) of the water table, cone of depression in the water table
artesian wells A situation in which groundwater under pressure rises above the level of the aquifer.
Problems associated with groundwater withdrawl Treating groundwater as a nonrenewable resource
Groundwater contamination Sewage, sinking a well, highway salt, fertilizers, pesticides, chemical and industrial materials
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