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Human bio final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| (t/f) glucose can be used as an energy source in the human body | true |
| (t/f) biologists classify cells into two broad categories--prokaryotic and eukaryotic | true |
| (t/f) the cytoplasm is not considered a cellular organelle | true |
| (t/f) gas exchange is the only function of blood | false |
| (t/f) a blood pressure of 90/40 is considered normal | false |
| which of the following steps in the breakdown of glucose directly requires the use of oxygen | electron transport chain |
| what is the max number of atp molecules produced during aerobic respiration | 38 |
| ______ are the fundamental units that make up all living things | cells |
| the phospholipid bilayer that surrounds a cell is ______________ | plasma membrane |
| what is the name of the semi-fluid medium inside the cell | cytoplasm |
| in the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane, the phospholipid molecules are oriented so the _____ heads are facing out and the __________ tails are facing in | hydrophilic, hydrophobic |
| what is a function of plasma membrane | acts as protective boundary for cell |
| the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane is __________ | osmosis |
| during a hurricane, salt water invades freshwater marshes causing many plants to die. the plants are killed because the saltwater solution is ___________ ti the plants, drawing water from their cells | hypertonic |
| what cell structure is composed of a stack of slightly curved saccules that are important in packaging and secretion | golgi apparatus |
| is a cell lacked ribosomes, it would not be able to ______------- | synthesize proteins |
| when comparing the cardiovascular system to a city, what is it similar to | roads |
| what blood vessels are small, thin, and porous enough to exchange substances at the tissue level or organization | capillaries |
| when dissecting a specimen, barry noticed that the arteries were thicker and more elastic, why | arteries are under greater pressure |
| what is the function of valves in the veins | prevent backward flow of blood |
| what is the name of the thick, membranous sac that surrounds and protects the heart | pericardium |
| what are the upper chambers of the heart called | atria |
| the right ventricle is to the pulmonary arteries as the left ventricle is to the ________ | aorta |
| blood leaves chamber of the heart to enter the lungs | right ventricle |
| if the left semilunar valve were blocked, where would blood accumulate | left ventricle |
| the "lub" sound of "lub-dub" heartbeat is due to what | the closing of the av valves |
| what is considered the pacemaker of the heart | sinoatrial node |
| what is the instrument called that is used to measure blood pressure | sphygmomanometer |
| normal blood pressure is 120/80. what is the top number called and what is happening in the heart | systolic pressure, ejection of blood from the heart |
| which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary arteries | right ventricle |
| what is bursting of the blood vessel called | aneurysm |
| what is a stent | cylinder of expandable metal mesh |
| levels of organization | cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms |
| how many atp molecules are produced: - glycolysis - citric acid cycle - electron transport system | - 2 - 2 - 32 |
| blood flow through heart | superior and inferior vena cavas, right atria, right av (tricuspid) valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs |
| blood flow through lungs | pulmonary veins, left atria, left av (bicuspid) valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, body |
| (t/f) the most abundant component of plasma is water | true |
| (t/f) red blood cells are unable to undergo mitosis | true |
| (t/f) a person will have antibodies against any blood antigens different from their own, regardless of whether they has had a transfusion or not | true |
| (t/f) white blood cells are like red blood cells in that they only live for a matter of days | false |
| (t/f) lymphatic system plays a role in defending the body against pathogens and maintaining a state of homeostasis | true |
| (t/f) the thymus cleanses the blood from the cardiovascular system of cellular debris and bacteria | false |
| (t/f) cytokines assist in regulating white blood cell formation | false |
| (t/f) allergic response is an overreaction of the immune system | true |
| what are functions of blood | transport, defense, regulation |
| two major components of blood | formed elements, plasma |
| cell fragments | platelets |
| rbc's are better known as ________ and wbc's are better known as ________ | erythrocytes, leukocytes |
| what gives rise to all formed elements of the blood | stem cells |
| what makes blood red | hemoglobin |
| if a person doesn't have enough iron in the diet, they may suffer from _____-- | anemia |
| both red and white blood cells... | arise from the same type of stem cell |
| in someone with terrible allergies, what leukocyte level would be elevated | basophil |
| b lymphocytes are associated with ... | antibody production |
| the fragmentation of very large megakaryocytes results in the production of _________ | platelets |
| the final reaction in blood clotting is | fibrinogen-->fibrin |
| agglutination refers to the | clumping of red blood cells |
| universal blood donor | o |
| universal blood recipient | ab |
| what are functions of lymphatic system | - take excess fluid and return to blood stream - absorb fat in intestine - help body defend against disease |
| what are lymphatic organs | spleen, tonsil, thymus |
| in what way are lymphatic vessels unlike veins in the cardiovascular system | take up excess tissue fluid |
| where do t lymphocytes mature | thymus |
| one set of the body's defenses is called "innate", this means... | they act non-specifically against all pathogens |
| what are considered to be a barrier to entry of a pathogen | intact skin, mucous membrane, acid pH of stomach |
| signs on inflammation | redness, heat, pain |
| t cells can recognize antigens because they... | possess specific antigen receptors |
| definition of antigen | anything immune system recognizes as foreign to body |
| what 2 sites are involved in the production and maturation of t lymphocytes | bone marrow, thymus |
| in ________ immunity, the individual produces antibodies against particular pathogens | active |
| in _______ immunity, the individual is given specific antibodies against a pathogen | passive |
| white blood cells and functions - neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils - lymphocytes - monocytes | - n: helps with bacteria - e: helps with parasites - b: allergies - l: makes antibodies - m: elgulfs wastes |
| antibody-mediated response to antigen in system | the antigen enters the body and the macrophage catches it and shows it to the rest of the body. the helper t cells activate the b cells and the b cells make and give off antibodies to attack the antigens |
| cell-mediated response to antigen in system | t cells give off cytokines and t cells bind to other cells ot showcase what the antigen is so the immune system knows that it has specific antibodies against that specific antigen |
| (t/f) all the accessory organs of the digestive system send secretion to the small intestine | false |
| (t/f) smooth muscles in the stomach help perform mechanical digestion | true |
| (t/f) the glottis closes off the larynx so the bolus of food enters the esophagus and not the trachea | false |
| (t/f) the small intestine is longer than the large intestine | true |
| (t/f) the gallbladder produces bile | false |
| (t/f) the role of the respiratory system is to ensure that oxygen leaves the body and carbon dioxide enters the body | false |
| (t/f) the pharynx contains the vocal cords | false |
| (t/f) the epiglottis is the slit between the vocal cords | false |
| (t/f) muscle contraction is required for expiration | false |
| (t/f) human inhale by lowering air pressure in the chest cavity | true |
| what is an accessory organ of the digestive system | pancreas |
| what accessory organ of the digestive system produces bile for emulsification | liver |
| the process of mechanical digestion includes... | the churning of food in te muscular stomach |
| functions of the digestive system | - ingest food - digest food into small nutrients - absorb nutrient molecules |
| order of components of digestive tract | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
| fleshy extension of soft palate | uvula |
| what prevents food from entering the nasal cavities | hard and soft palates |
| what enzyme initiates the process of starch digestion in the mouth | salivary amylase |
| process that pushes food through the esophagus | peristalisis |
| primary function of stomach | store food, churn, begin digestion |
| what greatly increases the capacity of the stomach | rugae |
| thick, soupy liquid of partially digested food that leaves the stomach | chyme |
| enzyme-substrate pairing | amylase-carbohydrates |
| what serves an emulsifying agent for fats in the small intestine | bile |
| function of liver | produces bile |
| major function of colon | form feces |
| benefit of normal flora in large intestine | produce vitamin b |
| ventilation includes ... | inspiration, expiration |
| respiratory system is responsible for... | oxygen entering the body and carbon dioxide leaving the body |
| what structures are part of the inspiration process | lungs, larynx, trachea, bronchioles |
| what respiratory structure is used to produce sound | larynx |
| what structure connect the larynx to the bronchial tree | trachea |
| what encloses the lungs and attaches them to the inside the thoracic cavity | pleurae |
| what diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood | oxygen |
| the amount of air that moves in and out with each breath | tidal volume |
| during respiration, what is the additional amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs during an extra-deep exhalation (1,400 ml) | expiratory reserve volume |
| when pH of blood decreases (becomes acidic), the respiratory center... | increases the rate of depth of breathing |
| digestive enzyme to nutrient - amylase - pepsin - lipase - trypsin | - a: carbohydrates - p: proteins - l: lipids - t: proteins |
| amount of deciduous teeth | 20 |
| amount of adult teeth | 32 |
| fingerlike projections of small intestine that greatly increases the surface area and ability to absorb nutrients | villi |
| 3 main nutrients our body derives from the food we eat | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids |
| mechanical process of inspiration | the diaphragm flattens, the lungs fill up with air, intercostal muscles to contract while also expanding while expanding ribs because of air pressure |
| mechanical process of expiration | the diaphragm returns to its regular shape, the lungs get rid of some air, and ribs return to resting position causing intercostal muscles to relax (less pressure) |
| (t/f) the kidneys excrete metabolic wastes, including urea | true |
| (t/f) kidneys are involved in synthesis of vitamin d, assist with calcium homeostasis | true |
| (t/f) kidneys help maintain blood pressure by monitoring the pH of blood | false |
| (t/f) the urethra is controlled by two sphincters, one composed of smooth muscle and the other of skeletal muscles | true |
| (t/f) the urethra in females is much longer than in males | false |
| (t/f) most (99%) of water that is filtered in glomerulus is reabsorbed | true |
| (t/f) the success rate for a kidney transplant from even a relative is fairly low | false |
| functions of urinary system | excrete metabolic wastes, maintenance of water-salt balance, secretion of hormones |
| metabolic waste product and excreted in urine | urea, ammonia, creatinine, uric acid |
| storage area for urine | bladder |
| which part of urinary system is shared with reproductive system in males | urethra |
| parts of kidney | cortex, medulla, nephrons |
| parts of nephron | glomerulus, proximal cconvoluted, distal convoluted tubule |
| what is located in glomerular capsule | knot of capillaries |
| parts of nephron in order | - glomerulus - proximal convoluted tubule - descending limb of loop - ascending limb of loop, distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct |
| 3 processes involved in formation of urine | - glomerular filtration - tubular reabsorption - tubular secretion |
| 2 ways substances are removed from blood and added to forming urine | glomerular filtration, tubular secretion |
| what hormones regulate the reabsorption of sodium and water in distal convoluted tubule | aldosterone, renin |
| what hormones involved in regulation of water-salt balance is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus | renin |
| if you don't drink enough water, what hormone will the hypothalamus produce to regulate urine production | adh |
| how many openings are there in the urinary bladder | 2 |
| why do water and small molecules move from glomerulus into the filtrate | glomerular blood pressure |
| function of kidneys | - maintain water-salt balance - control and monitor pH - secrete hormones - regulate blood pressure |
| what causes urine to move through ureters to the bladder | peristaltic contractions |
| what structure in the bladder allows it to expand as it fills with urine | rugae |
| what's the color of normal urine | pale yellow |
| (t/f) exercise causes bones to increase in density | true |
| (t/f) bones continue to grow throughout a lifetime | true |
| (t/f) as long as the growth plate remains, the bones will keep increasing in length | true |
| (t/f) there are phalanges in both the lower and upper limbs | true |
| (t/f) a simple fracture is when bone pierces skin | false |
| (t/f) it is impossible to tell whether skeletal remains are male or female | false |
| main function of skeleton the rib cage, vertebral column, and skull provides... | protection of soft body parts |
| first tissue encountered from outside in of a long bone | periosteum |
| bone cells are called... | osteocytes |
| cartilage cells are called... | chondrocytes |
| what will heal faster: a fractured bone in index finger or torn cartilage in knee | bone |
| bone recycling allows body to regulate... | amount of calcium in blood |
| how many bones in body | 206 |
| what are intervertebral disks made of | fibrocartilage |
| type of joints | synovial, ball and socket, hinge |
| due to compression of intervertebral disks, carla had several lumbar vertebrae fused together. how does this affect her | limited movement in area |
| what does a ligament connect | bone to bone |
| joint with greatest range of motion | synovial |
| joint for hips and shoulders | ball and socket |
| bone repair in order | - hematome - fibrocartilaginous callus - bony callus - remodeling |
| functions of bones | - movement - support - makes red blood cells |
| (t/f) skeletal muscle contractions play a role in moving fluids through body | true |
| (t/f) in smooth muscle, contraction is voluntary | false |
| (t/f) because heart beats continuously, cardiac fibers never relax | false |
| (t/f) muscles only pull, they don't push | true |
| (t/f) origin of muscle is on a stationary bone | true |
| (t/f) skeletal muscle contractions help maintain a constant body temperature | true |
| (t/f) muscles help protect internal organs and stabilize joints | true |
| (t/f) skeletal muscles are involuntary | false |
| (t/f) each actin molecule is shaped like a golf club, with a straight portion ending in a globular head | false |
| glycogen and triglycerides are energy sources stored in muscles | true |
| (t/f) cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria | true |
| what type of muscle is voluntary | skeletal |
| what types of muscle are involuntary | cardiac, smooth |
| from outside in, the first thing encountered is... | fascia |
| what structure attaches muscle to bone | tendons |
| muscle fiber is made up of many... | myofibrils |
| fascia is connective tissue that covers muscles and extends to become... | tendon |
| what happens to actin and myosin filaments when a muscle contraction | slide across each other |
| muscle fiber contracts as __________ shorten | sarcomeres |
| what supplies energy for muscle contraction | atp |
| 3 pathways for obtaining atp for muscle contraction | - creatine phosphate pathway - fermentation - cellular respiration |
| of 3 pathways for obtaining atp for muscle contraction, which requires oxygen | cellular respiration |
| 3 types of muscles | smooth, cardiac, skeletal |
| 3 functions of muscles | - support - move organisms - move organisms across body |
| muscles only _______, they never _______ | pull, push |
Created by:
KimBriann
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