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Plant bio
Plant pathogen interactions III
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Edible plants | 4 out of 3,000 - wheat, rice, potatoes, maize |
| Current challenges of global food security | Pre-harvest: “Imperfect growth”, surplus, or injury Abiotic stress Biotic stress Post-harvest: Transport Storage processing and packaging |
| To increase crop production: Re-Designing the maker crop species | Higher yield Optimal flowering time Ideal plant architecture Efficient farm Drought / Flood / Heat / Cold tolerance Resilience - The improvement of biotic tolerance would reduce the lost |
| The major plant diseases are causing 30% yield losses | Heavy application of fungicides Major disease are caused by fungi |
| Examples | - An outbreak potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Oomycete), caused the Irish Potato Famine - Rice blast disease causes up to 30% yield loss of rice every year - Fusarium graminearum is a major threaten to wheat production |
| Plant pathogens are classified to Necrotroph, biotroph, symbiont and hemi-biotroph | |
| How do pathogens cause disease? | Pathogens enter the host organism Manipulation of plant immune response |
| Bacteria can enter plants through stomata pore formed by Guard cells | Vasculature cells are targeted by phytoplasma carried by insects |
| Fungal pathogens form appressoria ————— a specialised cell generating enormous turgor pressure | Penetration mediated by appressoria into epidermal cells |
| How can pathogens manipulate plant immune response? | To suppress plant immune response, pathogens secrete huge amount of small proteins,called “effectors” |
| Effectors are specifically expressed upon infection | - suppressed/active |
| Invasive hyphae of the pathogen secretes effectors | Effectors are small proteins secreted by pathogens into plant cells |
| Haustoria is pathogen-derived structure as a focal site to secrete effectors | Invasive hyphae is surrounded by plant plasma membrane After penetration, the pathogen differentiates into invasive hyphae |
| Single-cell transcriptomics to dissect cell-type-specific response during infection | - bulked vs single-celled sample Droplet-based single-cell partition |
| A single-cell atlas of plant leaves challenged by fungal pathogen | Cell type-specific expression of Plant immune receptors |
| Summary | Pathogen lifestyles: necrotroph, biotroph, hemibiotroph Invading cell-types: bacteria (guard cells), phytoplasma (phloem cells), fungus (epidermis) Appressorium-mediated penetrate plant tissue: fungi Effectors are secreted proteins in plant tissues |
| Summary | Two types of localizations of effectors: cytoplasmic and apoplastic Expression of effectors are specifically activated during infection Haustoria is a protrusion of invasive hyphae as an interface between pathogen and plant |
Created by:
reub8n
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