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26-Study Guide MBIO

Chapter 26: Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

TermDefinition
Urinary system regulates the chemical composition and volume of the blood and excretes nitrogenous waste and water
Reproductive system produces gametes for reproduction and supports growing embryo
Microbial diseases of these systems can result from infection from an outside source or opportunistic infection by members of normal microbiota
urine is transported kidneys to ureter to bladder to urethra
Valves prevent urine from flowing back into the urinary bladder and kidneys
the flushing action of urine and the urine itself have antimicrobial value
Female reproductive system two ovaries, two uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and external genitals
Male reproductive system two testes, ducts, accessory glands, penis
seminal fluid leaves the male body through the urethra
Gram-positive bacteria predominate the urinary tract
Lactobacilli dominate the vaginal microbiota
actinobacteria dominate the microbiome of the seminal vesicle
Urethritis, cystitis, and ureteritis are inflammations of the tissues of the lower urinary tract
pyelonephritis can result from lower urinary tract infections or from systemic bacterial infections
Opportunistic gram-negative bacteria from the intestines often cause urinary tract infections
Healthcare associated infections of the urinary system occur following catheterization
treatment of urinary tract infections depends on isolation and antibiotic sensitivity of causative agents
Cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder; common in females
most common etiologies of cystitis are E. coli and Staph. saprophyticus
Pyelonephritis inflammation of the kidneys
Pyelonephritis is usually a complication of lower urinary tract infections
about 75% of pyelonephritis cases are caused by E. coli
Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira interrogans
Leptospirosis is transmitted by urine contaminated water
Leptospirosis is characterized by chills, fever, headache, muscle aches,
Most infections of the reproductive system are Sexually transmitted infections (STI)
Prevention of STI condoms
Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonoohoeae
Gonorrhea common reportable communicable disease in the US
N. gonorrhoeae attaches to mucosal cells of the oral-pharyngeal area, genitals, eyes, and rectum by means of fimbriae
Symptoms of gonorrhea in men painful urination, pus discharge
Common complications of untreated gonorrhea in men blockage of the urethra and sterility
Women with gonorrhea may be asymptomatic unless the infection spreads to the uterus and uterine tubes
Complications of untreated gonorrhea that affect both sexes gonorrheal endocarditis, gonorrheal meningitis, gonorrheal arthritis
Most nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) or nonspecific urethritis (NSU) are caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium
Most common STI C. trachomatis infections
Symptoms of NGU are mild or lacking; uterine tube inflammation and sterility may occur
Diagnosis of NGU and NSU detection of chlamydial DNA in urine
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) extensive bacterial infection of the female pelvic organs, especially the reproductive system
PID is caused by N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and other bacteria
Infection of uterine tubes salpingitis
Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum
Primary lesion of syphilis small, hard-based, chancre at the site of infection; bacteria invade blood and lymph and chancre disappears
Secondary stage of syphilis widely disseminated rash on skin and mucous membranes, spirochetes are present in the lesions of the rash
After secondary lesions of syphilis spontaneously heal the patient enters latent period
at least 10 years after secondary lesion (syphilis) tertiary lesions called gummas appear on many organs
Congenital syphilis from T. pallidum crossing placenta during latent period can result in neurological damage to the newborn
T. pallidum is identifiable through darkfield microscopy of fluid from primary and secondary lesions
which serological tests can detect presence of antibodies against T. pallidum VDRL, RPR, FTA-ABS
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) caused by C. trachomatis; primarily in tropical and subtropical regions
LGV bacteria are spread in the lymph system and cause enlargement of lymph nodes, obstruction of vessels, and swelling of external genitals
Diagnosis of LGV and gonorrhea ELISA or NAAT
Chancroid swollen, painful ulcer on mucous membranes of genitals or mouth
Chancroid is caused by Haemophilus ducreyi
Bacterial Vaginosis infection without inflammation caused by Gardneralla vaginalis
Diagnosis of G. vaginalis presence of clue cells
Genital herpes is caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2
Symptoms of herpes infection painful urination, genital urination, and fluid-filled vesicles
Herpes virus enters latent stage in nerve cells
following latent stage herpes virus vesicles reappear following trauma and hormonal changes
Neonatal herpes is contracted during fetal development
Neonatal herpes can result in neurological damage or infant fatalities
Genital warts and some cancers are caused by human papilloma viruses
AIDS sexually transmitted disease of the immune system
Viral STIs that do not infect the genitourinary system hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and Zika virus
Candida albicans causes NGU in men and yeast infection in women
Vulvovaginal candidiasis AKA yeast infection
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is characterized by lesions that produce itching and irritation
Predisposing factors for yeast infections include pregnancy, diabetes, broad-spectrum antibacterial chemotherapy
Diagnosis of yeast infection observation of fungus and isolation from lesions
Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis when pH of vagina increases
Diagnosis of trichomoniasis observation of protozoa in purulent discharges from site of infection
Created by: hacoons
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