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Biology
Section 1: Nature and Variety of Living Organisms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 kingdoms of life? | Animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, protoctists |
| What is the key difference between a eukaryotic and a prokaryotic cell? | Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus |
| What is the name for the way fungi feed? | Saprotrophic nutrition |
| What is mycelium made up of? | Hyphae |
| What is a parasite? | An organism that depends on another organism to grow and reproduce |
| What are the 8 characteristics of living organisms? | Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Control, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition |
| What does a cell membrane do? | Controls which substances pass in and out of the cell |
| What does a nucleus do? | Contains the genetic material/DNA |
| What is cytoplasm? | A jelly-like substance within a cell where chemical reactions take place |
| What does the mitochondria do? | Provides the cell with energy it needs to function. Also the place where most reactions for aerobic respiration takes place |
| What do ribosomes do? | Act as the site for protein synthesis (where proteins are made) |
| What 3 organelles/structures are found in plant cells but not animal cells? | Chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuole |
| What does the cell wall do? | Provides support and structure for the cell |
| What is the vacuole? | A large organelle containing cell sap (solution of salts and sugars). Gives support to the cell |
| What do chloroplasts do? | Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs the light energy needed for photosynthesis |
| What does bacteria have instead of a nucleus? | A single, circular strand of DNA containing genetic material |
| What is the loop of DNA in a bacteria known as? | A circular chomosome/nucleoid |
| What 3 organelles do bacteria never have? | Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts |
| What are plasmids? | Extra bits of DNA that float around in bacteria |
| What does a flagella do in a bacteria? | Propels the bacteria, allowing it to move around |
| Are bacterial cells smaller or larger than animal cells? | Smaller |
| What are the 2 main differences between fungal cells and plant cells? | Fungal cells have cell wall made of chitin and there are no chloroplasts in fungal cells |
| What does the term 'excretion' refer to? | The removal of metabolic waste |
| What does 'respiration' refer to? | A set of chemical reactions that take place in the cells that break down nutrient molecules, which releases energy for metabolism |
| What does metabolism mean? | All the chemical reactions that take place within an organism to keep it alive |
| Why do viruses not qualify as living organsims? (two things) | They don't grow or excrete |
| What is a pathogen? | A microorganism that causes disease |
| What is a plant's cell wall made of? | Cellulose |
| Define differentiation | The process by which a cell changes to become specialised |
| How do stem cells create more cells? | They divide by mitosis |
| What happens when stem cells become adult stem cells? | They can no longer differentiate into any type of cell |
| What are the two key features of stem cells? | 1. They can divide by mitosis to form more cells 2. They can differentiate into specialised cells |
| Name the two types of stem cells found in animals | Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells |
| Where in the body are adult stem cells found? | In the bone marrow |
| What do we call the plant tissues that are continually growing and that contain stem cells? | Meristems |
| Which two parts of the plant contain meristem tissue? | Tips of the roots and tips of the shoots |
| Why can't we just increase the temperature to speed up reactions in cells? | Requires a lot of energy, can damage the cell, this would also speed up non-useful reactions |
| What is the definition of a catalyst? | A substance that increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the process |
| Enzymes are large _________, made up of long chains of ______________ | proteins, amino acids |
| What are the two models of enzyme action? | 1. Lock and key model 2. Induced fit model |
| In order for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, the active site of the enzyme must be _____________ to the substrate | complementary |
| What does the term 'optimum' mean for enzyme temperature? | The temperature at which enzyme activity is highest |
| Explain how increasing the temperature can cause an enzyme to denature. | - High temperatures start to break the bonds holding the enzyme together - This causes the enzyme and it's active site to change shape - This means the enzymes active site will no longer be complementary to the substrate |
| When investigating the rate of enzyme activity, what factors need to be kept constant? | 1. Temperature 2. pH 3. Enzyme concentration 4. Substrate concentration If an investigation wishes to examine the effect of one of these factors on enzyme activity, all others must be kept constant. |
| What 4 factors affect the rate of diffusion? | 1. Concentration gradient 2. Temperature 3. Distance 4. Membrane surface area |
| In what 2 states can molecules diffuse? | Liquid and gas |
| Which molecules are able to diffuse into and out of cells? | Water, glucose, and amino acids |
| Give an example of active transport in humans | Sugar absorption in the human gut |
| Give an example of active transport in plants | Mineral absorption in plants |
| The larger the organism, the __________ the surface area to volume ratio | lower |
| What are specialised exchange surfaces? | The parts of an organism over which they exchange substances with their environment |
| What are the 5 main features of specialised exchange surfaces? | 1. Large surface area 2. Surfaces usually thin 3. Surfaces permeable to the substances they need to exchange 4. Good supply of internal medium (e.g. blood) 5. Good supply of external medium (e.g. air) |
Created by:
JoeMather
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