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25-Study Guide MBIO
Chapter 25: Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Second most common set of illnesses | diseases of the digestive system |
| Diseases of digestive system result from | ingesting microorganisms or their toxins in food and water |
| Fecal-oral cycle of transmission can be broken by | proper disposal of sewage, disinfection of drinking water, proper food preparation and storage |
| Gastrointestinal tract (GI) | mouth pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
| With mechanical and chemical help from accessory structures large food molecules | are broken down into smaller molecules that can be transported by blood or lymph to cells |
| GALT | part of the immune system; gut-associated lymphoid tissue |
| large numbers of bacteria colonize the | mouth |
| ___ and ___ have few resident microorganisms | stomach and small intestine |
| Bacteria in the large intestine assist in | degrading food and synthesizing vitamins |
| fecal mass is made up of 40% of | microbial cells |
| Dental caries | tooth enamel and dentin are eroded and pulp os exposed to bacterial infection |
| Streptococcus mutans (in mouth) uses sucrose to | form dextran from glucose and lactic acid from fructose |
| Bacteria adhere to teeth by | sticky dextran, forming dental plaque |
| acid producing carbohydrate fermentation | destroys tooth enamel at the site of the plaque |
| gram-positive rods and filamentous bacteria penetrate into | dentin and pulp |
| Carbohydrates such as starch, mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol are | NOT used by cariogenic bacteria to produce dextran and do not promote tooth decay |
| Caries of cementum and gingivitis are caused by | streptococci, actinomycetes, and anaerobic gram-negative bacteria |
| Chronic gum disease (periodontitis) can cause | bone destruction, tooth loss |
| Periodontitis is caused by | an inflammatory response to variety of bacteria growing on the gums |
| Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is often caused by | Prevotella intermedia |
| Gastrointestinal infections are caused by | the growth of a pathogen in the intestines |
| incubation times of lower digestive system bacterial diseases | 12 hours - 2 weeks |
| Symptoms of lower digestive system bacterial diseases | fever |
| bacterial intoxication results from | ingesting preformed bacterial toxins |
| Bacterial intoxication symptoms appear | 1-48 hours post ingestion; fever not a symptom |
| Infections and intoxications cause | diarrhea, dysentery, or gastroenteritis |
| Bacterial disease of lower digestive system are treated with | fluid and electrolyte replacement |
| staphylococcal food poisoning caused by | bacterial ingestion of an enterotoxin produced in improperly stored foods; bacteria grow and produce enterotoxin in food stored at room temperature |
| Source of staphylococcal enterotoxicosis | foods with high osmotic pressure and those not cooked immediately before serving |
| trace the source of contamination | laboratory identification of S. aureus |
| Shigellosis is caused by any of four species of | shigella |
| Symptoms of shigellosis | blood and mucus in stools, abdominal cramps, fever |
| Infections by S. dysenteriae result in | ulceration of the intestinal mucosa |
| Salmonellosis (salmonella gastroenteritis) is caused by | salmonella enterica serovars |
| Symptoms of Salmonella | nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea begin 12-36 hours after eating; septic shock can occur in infants and the elderly |
| Mortality of salmonella | <1%; recovery results in a carrier state |
| Typhoid fever is caused by | Salmonella typhi |
| Salmonella typhi is transmitted by | contact with human feces |
| Symptoms of typhoid fever | fever and malaise occur after 2 week incubation period, lasts 2-3 weeks |
| S. typhii is harbored in | gall bladder |
| Cholera | vibrio cholerae O:1 and O:139 produce an exotoxin that alters the membrane permeability of the intestinal mucosa |
| Symptoms of cholera | vomiting and diarrhea cause loss of body fluids, lasts for a few days |
| untreated cholera mortality rate | 50% |
| Ingestions of other V. cholerae serotypes | results in mild diarrhea |
| Vibrio gastroenteritis is caused by | V. parahaemolyticus |
| Vibrio diseases are contracted by | eating contaminated crustaceans or contaminated mollusks |
| enterotoxigenic, enterovasive, and enteroaggregative strains of E. coli cause | diarrhea |
| Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (O157:H7) | produces shiga toxins that cause inflammation and bleeding of the colon; hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome |
| Most common cause of traveler's diarrhea are | enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative E. coli |
| Most common cause of diarrhea in the United States | Campylobacter |
| Campylobacter is transmitted in | chicken and unpasteurized milk |
| Helicobacter pylori produces | ammonia that neutralizes stomach acid |
| Helicobacter pylori bacteria colonize the stomach mucosa and cause | peptic ulcer disease |
| Treatment of peptic ulcer disease | bismuth and several other antibiotics |
| Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are transmitted in | undercooked pork |
| Yersinia can grow at | refrigeration temperature |
| C. perfringens causes | self-limiting gastroenteritis |
| Endospores of C. perfringens | survive heating and germinate when foods are stored at room temperature |
| exotoxin produced when C. perfringens grow in the intestines is responsible for | symptoms |
| Growth of C. difficile following antibiotic therapy results in | mild diarrhea or colitis |
| C. diff is usually associated with | health care environments and day-care centers |
| Bacillus cereus gastroenteritis symptoms | diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting from ingesting contaminated food |
| Mumps virus (GI tract) symptoms | 16-18 days after exposure: inflammation of the parotid glands, fever, and pain during swallowing followed by orchitis |
| after onset of symptoms, virus is found | blood, saliva, and urine |
| MMR vaccine | measles, mumps, rubella |
| Hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| Hepatitis symptoms | loss of appetite, malaise, fever, jaundice |
| viral causes of hepatitis | hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
| Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are transmitted through | fecal-oral route |
| Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through | blood and semen |
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is transmitted through | blood |
| Hepatitis D virus (HDV) occurs as | a superinfection or coinfection with hepatitis B virus |
| Viral gastroenteritis is most often caused by | rotavirus or norovirus |
| incubation period for viral gastroenteritis is | 2-3 days |
| symptoms of viral gastroenteritis lasts for | up to 1 week (diarrhea) |
| mycotoxins | toxins produced by some fungi |
| Mycotoxins affect the | blood, nervous system, kidneys, and liver |
| Cereal grains are the crop most often contaminated with | ergot, the Claviceps mycotoxin |
| Peanuts are the crop most often contaminated with | aflatoxin-producing aspergillus flavus |
| Giardia intestinalis grows in the | intestines of humans and wild animals |
| Giardia intestinalis is transmitted in | contaminated water |
| Symptoms of giardiasis | malaise, nausea, flatulence, weakness, abdominal cramps that persist for weeks |
| Cryptosporidium spp. cause | diarrhea; in immunosuppressed pts it is prolongs for months |
| Cryptosporidium spp. are transmitted in | contaminated water |
| Cyclospora cayetanensis causes | diarrhea; transmitted by contaminated foods |
| Amebic dysentery is caused by | Entamoeba histolytica growing in the large intestine |
| Entamoeba histolytica feeds on | red blood cells and GI tract tissues |
| Severe infections of Entamoeba histolytica result in | abscesses |
| tapeworms are contracted by | consumption of undercooked beef, pork, or fish that contain encysted larvae (cysticerci) |
| Tapeworms | scolex attaches to the intestinal mucosa of human and matures into adult tapeworms |
| tapeworm eggs are shed in feces and must be ingested by an | intermediate host |
| Neurocysticercosis in humans occurs when | the pork tapeworm larvae encyst in humans |
| Humans infected with the E. granulosus (tapeworm) might have hydatid cysts in their | lungs or other organs |
| Dogs are usually the ___ and sheep are the ___ for E. granulosus. | definitive host; intermediate host |
| Humans are the definitive host for | pinworms, Enterobius vermicularis |
| hookworm larvae | bore through skin and migrate to intestine to mature into adults |
| Ascaris lumbricoides adults live in | human untestines |
| Trichuris trichiura eggs hatch in | the large intestine; larvae attach to intestinal lining |
| Trichinella spiralis larvae encyst in | muscles of humans and other mammals |
| Trichinella spiralis causes | trichinellosis |
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