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24-Study Guide MBIO
Chapter 24: Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Most common type of infections | upper respiratory infections |
| Upper respiratory system | nose, pharynx, associated structures (middle ear and auditory tube) |
| Coarse hairs in the nose | filter large particles from entering the respiratory tract |
| Ciliated mucous membranes of nose | trap airborne particles and remove the from the body |
| Lymphoid tissue, tonsils, and adenoids | provide immunity to certain infections |
| Lower respiratory system | larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and alveoli |
| Ciliary escalator | prevents microorganisms from reaching lungs |
| Alveolar macrophages | phagocytizes microbes in the lungs |
| Respiratory mucus contains | IgA antibodies |
| Specific areas of the Upper respiratory system can become infected to produce | pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsilitis, sinusitis, and epiglottitis |
| Most respiratory tract infections are | self-limiting |
| Epiglottitis can be caused by | H. influenzae |
| Streptococcal Pharyngitis is caused by | group A beta-hemolytic streptococci; Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Symptoms of Streptococcal Pharyngitis | inflammation of the mucous membrane, fever, tonsilitis and otitis media may also occur |
| Rapid diagnosis of Streptococcal Pharyngitis | enzyme immunoassays |
| immunity to streptococcal infections | type specific |
| Scarlet fever | strep throat; caused by an erythrogenic toxin that produced by S. pyogenes when lysed by a phage |
| Symptoms of scarlet fever | red rash, high fever, red and enlarged tongue |
| Diphtheria is caused by | exotoxin producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae when lysed by a phage |
| Diphtheria blocks passage of air when | a membrane containing fibrin and dead human and bacterial cells is formed |
| Exotoxin of diphtheria | inhibits protein synthesis; heart, kidney, or nerve damage may result |
| Diagnosis of diphtheria | isolation of bacteria and appearance of growth on differential media |
| Immunization against diphtheria | diphtheria toxoid in the DTaP vaccine |
| Cutaneous diphtheria characterized by | slow-healing skin ulcerations |
| Diphtheria: minimal ___ of exotoxin in bloodstream | dissemination |
| Otitis Media | (aka earache) can occur as a complication of nose or throat infections |
| Pressure on eardrum for otitis media is caused by | pus accumulation |
| Bacterial causes of otitis media | Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Causes of the Common Cold | any one of approx. 200 different viruses; example- rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and EV-D68 |
| Incidence of common cold increases | during cold weather, increased interpersonal indoor contact, or physiological changes |
| microorganisms that infect the upper respiratory system also infect the | lower respiratory system |
| Common diseases of the lower respiratory system | bronchitis and pneumonia |
| Pertussis is caused by | Bordetella pertussis |
| Initial stage of pertussis | resembles a cold and is called catarrhal stage |
| Paroxysmal stage (second stage) of pertussis | accumulation of mucus in the trachea and bronchi causing deep coughs |
| Convalescence stage (third stage) of pertussis | lasts for months |
| Tuberculosis is caused by | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Bovine tuberculosis is caused by | Mycobacterium bovis |
| bovine tuberculosis is transmitted to humans through | unpasteurized milke |
| M. avium-intracellulare complex infects patients during | the late stages of HIV infection |
| M. tuberculosis ingested by | alveolar macrophages |
| M. tuberculosis reproduces in | macrophages |
| Tubercles | Lesions formed by M. tuberculosis; macrophages and bacteria form the lesion; caseous - cheese like |
| Ghon's complex | calcified tubercles that appear in X-rays |
| Liquefaction of caseous lesion results in | tuberculous cavity where M. tuberculosis can grow |
| Miliary tuberculosis | a caseous lesion ruptures and releases bacteria into blood or lymph vessels, develops new foci of infection |
| Positive tuberculin skin test | indicates either active case of TB, prior infection, or vaccination/ immunity |
| Diagnosis of active TB infection | IFN-gamma or rapid PCR test for M. tuberculosis |
| Treatment of TB | chemotherapy (3-4 drugs taken for 6 months) |
| BCG vaccine for TB | live, avirulent culture of M. bovis |
| Typical pneumonia is caused by | S. pneumoniae |
| Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by | encapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Most susceptible to H. influenzae pneumonia | Children <5 and adults >65 |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes | mycoplasmal pneumonia; an endemic disease |
| Legionellosis is caused by | aerobic, gram-negative rod, Legionella pneumophila |
| Chlamydophila psittaci causes | psittacosis (ornithosis) |
| Chlamydophila psittaci transmitted by | contact with contaminated droppings and exudates of fowl |
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae causes | pneumonia; transmitted person-person |
| Q fever is caused by | Obligate parasite, intracellular Coxiella burnetii |
| Melioidosis is caused by | Burkholderia pseudomallei |
| Melioidosis is transmitted by | inhalation, ingestion, or puncture wounds |
| symptoms of Melioidosis | sepsis and ecephalitis |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | most common cause of pneumonia in infants |
| Influenza (Flu) | caused by influezavirus |
| Characterizations of Influenza | chills, fever, headache, general muscle aches |
| Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) project from | outer lipid bilayer of influenzavirus |
| Viral strains of influenza are identified by | antigenic differences in protein coats (A, B, C) |
| Influenza A is further subdivided by | differences in HA and NA spikes |
| influenza virus evades natural immunity by | antigenic shifts and antigenic drift |
| Drugs effective against Flu-A | Zanamivir and oseltamivir |
| Fungal spores are easily inhaled and may | germinate in the lower respiratory tract |
| Histoplasmosis, Coccidiomycosis, Fungal pneumonia, Blastomycosis are treated with | itraconazole |
| Histoplasma capsulatum causes | subclinical respiratory infection that only occasionally progresses to a severe generalized disease, Histoplasmosis |
| Histoplasmosis acquired by | inhaling airborne conidia |
| Diagnosis for histoplasmosis | isolating or identifying fungus in tissue samples |
| Coccidioidomycosis is caused by | inhaling the airborne arthroconidia of Coccidioides immitis |
| Where can Pneumocystis jirovecii be found | healthy human lungs |
| P. jirovecii can cause disease in | immunosuppressed patients |
| Blastomyces dermatitidis is causative agent of | blastomycosis |
| Blastomycosis infection begins in ___ and spreads to cause ___ | lungs; extensive abscesses |
| Opportunistic fungi can cause respiratory disease in immunosuppressed hosts when | large number of spores are inhaled |
| Opportunistic fungi that cause respiratory disease are | Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor |
Created by:
hacoons
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