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Benchmark 2 2023
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a chromosome? | A structure made of DNA that contains genes. |
| What is DNA? | The genetic material that carries the instructions for building and maintaining an organism. |
| What are genes? | Segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins. |
| What do proteins do? | Proteins determine an organism's traits. |
| What are mutations? | Changes in DNA |
| What are harmful mutations? | Mutations that cause problems or disorders. |
| What are beneficial mutations? | Mutations that provide an advantage or help an organism. |
| What are neutral mutations? | Mutations that have no effect on an organism. |
| What is mitosis? | The process of cell division that produces body cells. |
| What are the stages of mitosis? | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |
| What is meiosis? | The process of cell division that produces sex cells (gametes). |
| What are homologous pairs? | Pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes, one from each parent. |
| What is crossing over? | The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting in genetic diversity. |
| What is sexual reproduction? | Reproduction that involves the fusion of gametes (egg and sperm). |
| What is sexual reproduction? | Reproduction that involves the fusion of gametes (egg and sperm). |
| What is a gamete? | A sex cell (egg or sperm). |
| What is asexual reproduction? | Reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes. |
| What are the types of asexual reproduction? | Budding and fragmentation. |
| What are Punnett squares used for? | To predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring. |
| What are dominant and recessive alleles? | Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles. |
| What is homozygous? | Having two identical alleles for a particular gene (BB or bb). |
| What is heterozygous? | Having two different alleles for a particular gene (Bb). |
| What is phenotype? | The physical characteristics of an organism. |
| What is genotype? | The actual genes (alleles) an organism has |
| What is selective breeding? | The process of breeding organisms with desired traits. |
| What are the pros of selective breeding? | It allows for the production of organisms with desired traits. |
| What are the cons of selective breeding? | It decreases genetic variety. |
| What is natural selection? | organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. |
| What is overproduction? | The production of more offspring than can survive. |
| What is speciation? | organisms separate and become their own species; can NOT interbreed |
| How do you determine if organisms have a common ancestor? | Homologous structure, embryology, fossil record |
| What are homologous bone structures? | Bone patterns that are the same in different organisms, indicating a common ancestor. |
| What is embryology? | The study of early development; embryos of different organisms may be similar, indicating a common ancestor. |
| What is the fossil record? | The collection of all known fossils, which provides evidence of past life forms. |
| What is geologic time? | The division of Earth's history into major time periods. |
| What are mass extinctions? | Events in which a large number of species become extinct. |
| What can cause mass extinctions? | Meteorite impacts or volcanic activity. |
| What is the rock cycle? | The process by which rocks change from one type to another over time. |
| What determines the type of rock? | How rocks form. |
| Can all rocks become a different type of rock? | Yes, all rocks have the potential to become a different type of rock. |
| Can the same rock become the same type of rock? | Yes, a rock can undergo the same processes to become the same type of rock (e.g., metamorphic to metamorphic, igneous to igneous). |
| What is sedimentary rock formed from? | Sediments compaction/cementation |
| What process forms metamorphic rock? | Heat/pressure |
| How is igneous rock formed? | Molten rock cools and hardens |
| Where do you find the youngest rocks in rock layers? | on top |
| What are index fossils? | Fossils that are widespread and short-lived |
| Genetic Variety; Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? | sexual |
| more offspring: Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? | asexual |
| slow: Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? | sexual |
| Mitosis: Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? | asexual |
| identical: Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? | asexual |
| meiosis: Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? | sexual |
| fast: Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? | asexual |
| few offspring: Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? | sexual |
| 1 parent: Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? | asexual |
| 2 parents: Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? | sexual |
| How many alleles does a gamete give to the offspring for each trait? | one |
| What happen in prophase? | chromosomes become visible |
| What happens in metaphase? | chromosomes line up in the middle |
| What happens in anaphase? | Chromatids get pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell |
| What happens in telophase? | 2 new nuclei form |
| What is cytokinesis? | The division of the cytoplasm into 2 new cells |
| Where do you find the oldest rocks? | the bottom of rock layer |
| What allele is represented with a capital letter? | dominant |
| What allele is represented with a lower case letter? | recessive |
Created by:
bwmsScience8
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