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Biology Chapter 8
Cell Structure and Function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | controls most cell processes and contains DNA |
| cell | smallest living unit of any organism |
| ribosomes | produce proteins using instructions coded in DNA |
| rough ER | contains ribosomes; proteins are chemically modified and released |
| smooth ER | contains enzymes that make lipids and carbohydrates |
| Golgi apparatus | modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials |
| vacuoles | store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| lysosomes | filled with enzymes; break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins |
| mitochondria | convert chemical energy stored in food through cellular respiration |
| chloroplasts | capture energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
| cell membrane | protective barrier for cells consists of a lipid bilayer |
| cell wall | provides support, shape, and protection for the cell |
| cell theory | a fundamental concept of biology |
| 3 parts of cell theory | all living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells can only be produced from existing cells |
| Robert Hooke | 1665 English Scientist; used a microscope to looks at a thin piece of cork and saw thousands of tiny chambers which he named cells |
| Anton van Leewenhoek | 1660s-1670s Dutch Man; first person to see living microorganisms, "father of microbiology" |
| 3 main types of microscopes | compound light microscope (used on living specimen), transmission electron microscope, and scanning transmission microscope |
| lipid bilayer | makes up the cell membrane, is flexible and provides a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings |
| selectively permeable | can allow some molecules to pass through but not others |
| passive transport | the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without using a cells energy |
| active transport | requires energy to move molecules across the membrane |
| diffusion | particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | when molecules cannot pass directly through the cell they pass through special protein channels |
| osmosis | movement of water though a selectively permeable membrane |
| isotonic | water moves both into and out of the cell equally in both directions |
| hypotonic | concentration of solutes is higher in the cell than in the solution, so water moves into the cell (swell) |
| hypertonic | concentration of solutes is higher in the solution that in the cell so water moves out of the cell (shrink) |
| molecular transport | involves protein pumps which are proteins in the lipid bilayer that move small molecules and ions across the cell membrane |
| bulk transport | moves larger molecules, clumps of food, or even other cells across the cell membrane |
| endocytosis | the process of pulling material into the cell using infoldings (pockets) of the cell membrane |
| exocytosis | the process of releasing material from a cell. the vesicle or vacuole that contains the material will fuse with the cell membrane and force the material out of the cell |
| homeostasis | must be maintained in order for the organism to live |
Created by:
sydney.holtz
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