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23-Study Guide MBIO
Chapter 23: Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular system is made up of | the heart and blood vessels |
| Lymphatic system is made up of | lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs |
| plasma | transports dissolved substances |
| Red blood cells | carry oxygen |
| White blood cells | involved in the body's defense against infection |
| Interstitial fluid | fluid that filters out of capillaries into spaces between tissue cells |
| When interstitial fluid enters lymph capillaries it is called | lymph |
| lymphatics | return lymph to the blood |
| Lymph nodes contain | fixed macrophages, B cells, and T cells |
| Sepsis | inflammatory response caused by the spread of bacteria or their toxin from a focus of infection |
| Septicemia | sepsis that involves proliferation of pathogens in the blood |
| Gram-negative sepsis can lead to | septic shock (characterized by decreased blood pressure) |
| Symptoms of septic shock are caused by | endotoxin |
| Gram-positive sepsis is caused by | antibiotic-resistant enterococci and group B streptococci |
| Puerperal sepsis | begins as an infection of the uterus following childbirth or abortion and can progress to peritonitis or septicemia |
| Most frequent cause of puerperal sepsis | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis | demonstrated that puerperal sepsis was transmitted by hands and instruments of midwives and physicians |
| Endocardium | inner layer of the heart |
| Subacute bacterial endocarditis caused by | alpha-hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, or enterococci; arises from a focus of infection |
| Subacute endocarditis predisposing factors | preexisting heart abnormalities |
| signs of Subacute endocarditis | fever, weakness, heart murmur |
| Acute bacterial endocarditis | caused by staphylococcus aureus; causes rapid destruction of heart valves |
| Rheumatic fever | an autoimmune complication of streptococcal infections |
| expression of rheumatic fever | arthritis/ inflammation of the heart, can result in permanent heart damage |
| antibodies against group A beta-hemolytic streptococci react with | streptococcal antigens deposited in joints or heart valves/ cross react with the heart muscle |
| Rheumatic fever can follow | streptococcal infections such as a sore throat, but streptococci might not be present at time of fever |
| reduce the incidence of rheumatic fever | prompt treatments of streptococcal infections |
| Tularemia is caused by | Francisella tularensis |
| reservoir of Tularemia | small wild mammals, especially rabbits |
| Signs of Tularemia | ulcerations at the site of entry, septicemia and pneumonia |
| Brucellosis (Undulant Fever) caused by | Brucella abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis |
| How does Tularemia spread throughout the body? | bacteria enter through minute breaks in the mucosa or skin, reproduce in macrophages, and spread via lymphatics to liver, spleen, or bone marrow |
| Signs of Tularemia | malaise and fever that spikes each evening |
| Diagnosis of tularemia | serological tests |
| Bacillus anthracis causes | anthrax |
| Endospores of bacillus anthracis can survive in soil for | 60 years |
| animal to human transmission of Anthrax | grazing animals ingest endospores from soil, humans contract by handling hides of infected animals |
| Anthrax is transmitted by | endospores enter through cuts in the skin, respiratory tract, or mouth |
| Skin transmission of anthrax | results in a papule that can progress to sepsis |
| Respiratory transmission of anthrax | results in septic shock |
| Diagnosis of anthrax | based on isolating and identifying the bacteria |
| gangrene | soft tissue death from ischemia (loss of blood supply) |
| microorganisms grow on nutrients released from | gangrenous cells |
| gangrene is susceptible to the growth of | anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens |
| Clostridium perfringens | the causative agent of gas gangrene, can invade the wall of the uterus during improperly performed abortions |
| treatment of gas gangrene | surgical removal of necrotic tissue, hyperbaric chambers, amputation |
| Pasteurella multocida causes | septicemia; introduced by the bite of a dog or cat |
| deep animal bites are affected by | anaerobic bacteria |
| Cat-scratch disease is caused by | bartonella henselae |
| Rat-bite fever is caused by | Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus |
| Plague is caused by | Yersinia pestis |
| Vector for plague | rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) |
| Relapsing fever is caused by | Borrelia spp. |
| Relapsing fever is transmitted by | soft ticks |
| Lyme disease is caused by | Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Lyme disease is transmitted by | tick (ixodes) |
| Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by | Ehrlicia and Anaplasma; also transmitted by Ixodes ticks |
| Typhus is caused by | rickettsia - obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells |
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, HHV-4) causes | Burkitt's lymphoma, Infectious mononucleosis, certain cancers and autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis |
| Burkitt's lymphoma tends to occur in pts who | immune system has been weakened: for example by malaria or AIDS |
| Epstein-Barr virus multiplies in | parotid glands and is present in saliva |
| EBV multiplication causes | proliferation of atypical lymphocytes |
| Infectious mononucleosis is transmitted by | the ingestion of saliva from infected individuals |
| Diagnosis of Infectious mononucleosis | indirect fluorescent antibody technique |
| Cytomegalovirus CMV (HHV-5) causes | intranuclear inclusion antibodies and cytomegaly of host cells |
| CMV is transmitted by | saliva and other body fluids |
| CMV inclusion disease | can be asymptomatic, mild, or progressive and fatal |
| If CMV crosses the placenta it can cause | congenital infection of the fetus, resulting in impaired mental development, neurological damage, and stillbirth |
| Chikungunya virus symptoms | fever, severe joint pain |
| Chikungunya virus is transmitted by | Aedes mosquitoes |
| Yello fever is caused by | yellow fever virus; transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes |
| Signs and symptoms of yellow fever | fever, chills, headache, nausea, jaundice |
| Diagnosis of yellow fever | presence of virus-neutralizing antibodies in the host |
| Dengue is caused by | dengue virus; transmitted by aedes mosquito |
| Signs of Dengue | fever, muscle and joint pain, and rash; severe- bleeding, organ failure |
| Ebolavirus is found in | fruit bats |
| Lassa fever viruses are found in | rodents |
| Rodents are the reservoirs for | Argentine and Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers |
| Hantavirus causes | hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome |
| Hantavirus is contracted by | inhalation of dried rodent urine/feces |
| Trypanosoma cruzi causes | Chagas disease |
| reservoir for Chagas disease | many wild animals; mostly a reduviid "the kissing bug" |
| Toxoplasma gondii causes | Toxoplasmosis |
| T. gondii undergoes sexual reproduction in the | intestinal tract of domestic cats, oocysts are eliminated in feces |
| T. gondii sporozoites reproduce to form | tissue-invading tachyzoites or bradyzoites |
| T. gondii (Toxoplasmosis) is transmitted by | ingesting tachyzoites or tissue cysts in under cooked meat from an infected animal, or contact with cat feces |
| Congenital infection symptoms of T. gondii (Toxoplasmosis) | severe brain damage, vision problems |
| Signs and symptoms of Malaria | chills, fever, vomiting, headache; occur at intervals of 2-3 days |
| Malaria is transmitted by | Anopheles mosquito; causative agent is plasmodium species |
| Sporozoites of Malaria reproduce | in the liver and release merozoites into the bloodstream where they infect RBCs |
| Leishmaniasis is caused by | Leishmania spp. |
| Leishmania spp. are transmitted by | sand flies |
| Leishmania protozoa reproduce | in the liver, spleen, and kidneys |
| Leishmaniasis treatment | liposomal amphotericin B. |
| Babesiosis is caused by | the protozoan Babesia microti; transmitted by ticks |
| Schistosomiasis is caused by | species of blood fluke, schistosoma |
| How do Schistosoma infect humans | eggs are eliminated in feces, hatch into larvae, infect intermediate host - snail, free-swimming cercariae are released from snail and penetrate the skin of humans |
| Adult flukes of Schistosoma spp. line | in the veins of the liver or urinary bladder |
| granulomas (in Schistosomiasis infected pts) | the host's defense to eggs that remain in the body |
| Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis | observation of eggs or flukes in feces, skin tests, indirect serological tests |
| Treatment and prevention of Schistosomiasis | treatment- chemotherapy; prevention- snail eradication |
| Kawasaki Syndrome is characterized by | fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes; cause unknown |
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