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Genetics Section 01

These are the key terms for Section 01 of Unit 03 - Genetics

TermDefinition
Heredity Heredity is the passing down of characteristics or traits from parents to their offspring.
Dominant A dominant trait is a genetic feature that is always expressed when present, even if only one copy is inherited.
Recessive A recessive trait is a genetic feature that is only expressed when an individual inherits two copies of the gene for that trait.
Gene Genes are instructions inside our cells that determine our traits and characteristics, like eye color or height.
Allele An allele is a different form or version of a gene that controls a specific trait, like blue or brown eye color.
Phenotype A phenotype is the physical appearance or observable traits of an organism, such as hair color or flower shape.
Genotype The genotype is the genetic makeup or combination of alleles an organism has for a specific trait.
Probability Probability is the likelihood or chance of something happening, like inheriting a certain trait from parents.
Ratio A ratio is a way to compare quantities or sizes, often expressed as a relationship between two numbers.
Homozygous Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a particular gene, either both dominant or both recessive.
Heterozygous Heterozygous means having two different alleles for a particular gene, one dominant and one recessive.
Complete Dominance Complete dominance occurs when the dominant allele completely masks the presence of the recessive allele in the phenotype.
Homologous Chromosomes Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that carry similar genetic information.
Meiosis Meiosis is the process of cell division that creates gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Chromosomes Chromosomes are thread-like structures inside cells that carry genes and genetic information.
DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that contains genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms.
Haploid Haploid refers to cells that have only one set of chromosomes, found in gametes.
Diploid Diploid refers to cells that have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, found in most body cells.
Fertilization Fertilization is the process where male and female gametes combine to create a new organism (zygote).
Zygote A zygote is a cell formed by the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization, the first stage of a new organism's development.
Gamete Gametes are sex cells (sperm and egg) that carry half the number of chromosomes as body cells. They are also known as germ cells.
Inheritance Inheritance is the process of passing traits or characteristics from parents to offspring.
Punnett Square A Punnett square is a tool used to predict the possible outcomes of a genetic cross between two organisms.
Offspring Offspring are the children or young organisms produced by parents.
Parent A parent is an organism that produces offspring.
Sister Chromatids Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together before cell division.
Genetics Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and the variation of inherited traits.
Somatic (body) Cells All cells in a multicellular organism EXCEPT for gametes (sperm and egg cells)
Codominance Both alleles in a heterozygous genotype express equally, making the phenotype a blend of the two alleles
Incomplete Dominance Both alleles in a heterozygous genotype affect the phenotype, resulting in a mix of the dominant and recessive trait to form a different phenotype
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