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CATBOL
Stage 2 Biology - topic 2: CATBOL
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | The location of chromosomes, the control centre of the cell |
| Nucleolus | Location inside the nucleus where rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is transcribed |
| Mitochondrion | Organelle where most parts of aerobic respiration occur (Kreb's cycle in the matrix, Phosphorylation on the inner membrane) |
| Cristae | Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (phosphorylation) |
| Matrix | Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion, where Kreb's cycle occurs |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes that make proteins. Functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized. No ribosomes are attached |
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| Stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane |
| Thylakoid | saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts |
| Grana | stacks of thylakoids |
| Vacuole | - Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates - Large and permanent in plants - Small and temporary in animals |
| Cell wall | A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. |
| Vesicle | A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell. |
| Phospholipid | A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. |
| Hydrophilic head | The Phosphate part of a phospholipid, faces out from the bilayer |
| Hydrophobic tail | The lipid tails of phospholipids that face inwards in the bilayer |
| Phospholipid bilayer | Plasma membrane layers composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside of the membrane.. |
| Fluid mosaic model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
| Transport protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. e.g. channels and pumps |
| Protein pump | Type of cell membrane protein used to move small things against the concentration gradient (against diffusion). Form of active transport requiring ATP. E.g Sodium-potassium pump. |
| Protein channel | Selective proteins in the cell membrane which open under certain conditions, therefore allowing only certain particles through. e.g Aquaporin, water channel protein. Form of Passive transport, facilitated diffusion. No ATP required. |
| Active transport | Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
| Passive transport | the movement of solutes down their concentration gradient across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell |
| Diffusion | Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| Osmosis | The net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration, requiring no energy |
| 3 stages of aerobic respiration | 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Phosphorylation ( or Electron Transport Chain) |
| Formula for aerobic respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy |
| Formula for fermentation (plants and yeast) | C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 |
| Formula for fermentation (animals) | C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3 |
| Another name for anaerobic respiration | Fermentation |
| Energy produced by anaerobic respiration | 2ATP |
| ATP cycle | ATP -> ADP+P and back |
| Outcome of mitosis | 2 genetically identical daughter cells |
| Outcome of meiosis | four genetically different cells, with half the chromosome number of the original cell |
| Binary fission | A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size |
| G1 phase | stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions |
| G2 Phase | The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. |
| S phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. |
| G1 checkpoint | checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage |
| G2 Checkpoint | The cell checks to make sure the DNA is copied correctly |
| M checkpoint (Spindle Checkpoint) | determines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules |
| Cdk | Cyclin-dependent kinase. A protein kinase that is active only when attached to cyclin. Combines with cyclin to make MPF |
| MPF | A cyclin-Cdk complex that causes the cell to move from interphase into mitosis. |
| Cyclin | A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle. Combines with Cdk to make MPF |
| Cancer | any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division |
| Cell culture | group of cells grown in a nutrient solution from a single original cell |
| HeLa cells | human cancer cells of a strain maintained in tissue culture since 1951 and used in research. |
| carcinogen | A cancer-causing substance that disrupts the cell cycle |
| G0 | A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly. |
| Aquaporin | A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
| Exocytosis | a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. |
| Endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| ATP synthase | The enzyme that make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. |
Created by:
justineforrest
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