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ESOL Genetics Pt. 1

Genetics Pt. 1

TermDefinition
Heredity Passing of traits from parents to offspring
Genetics The scientific study of heredity
Gene A section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Chromosomes Threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes
Allele Different forms of a gene (ex: green eyes vs. blue eyes)
Phenotype An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Genotype The set of genes an organism has or the combination of alleles it has
Punnett Square A chart that helps us predict how traits might be passed from parents to children. It shows how genes from a mom and dad can combine.
DNA A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Haploid Cell A cell with half the number of chromosomes
Diploid Cell Has full set of chromosomes
Zygote Fertilized egg (when sperm and egg cell combine)
Gamete Sex cell
Dominant Trait/Allele An allele whose trait ALWAYS shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
Recessive Trait/Allele An allele that is hidden (masked/covered up) whenever the dominant allele is present
Heterozygous (hybrid) Having two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous (purebred) Having two identical alleles for a trait
Genetic Variation The variety of different types of genes in a species or population
Mendelian Genetics Mendel's discoveries showing ways in which chromosomes pass genes across generations
Complete Dominance Inheritance in which one allele is completely dominant over another
Chromatid One half of a duplicated chromosome
Selective Breeding The human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits
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