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EESC 111 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemical weathering processes | Dissolution, oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation, hydration |
| Controls of weathering rates | Erosion, climate, parent material, vegetation, topography, time |
| A combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air | Soil |
| Rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering | Regolith |
| What makes a soil profile? | Horizons |
| Horizons are | Vertical differences in soil |
| What are the types of soil profiles? | O horizon, A horizon, E horizon, B horizon, C horizon |
| O horizon is | Organic matter |
| A horizon is | Organic and mineral matter |
| Topsoil is made up of | O horizon and A horizon |
| E horizon is | Little organic matter |
| The E horizon is the zone of | Eluviation and leaching |
| B horizon is | Zone of accumulation |
| C horizon is | Partially altered parent material |
| The "true soil" (solum) is made up of | O, A, E, and B horizons |
| What are the 3 generic soil types? | Pedalfer, pedocal, and laterite |
| Accumulation of iron oxides and Al-rich clays in the B horizon, best developed under forest vegetation | Pedalfer |
| High accumulations of calcium carbonate, associated with dry grasslands and brush vegetation | Pedocal |
| Hot and wet tropical climates, intense chemical weather | Laterite |
| Sediments and sedimentary rocks cover approximately _ percent of the | 75 |
| Sediments and sedimentary rocks compromise about _ percent (by volume) of Earth's outer 10 miles | 5 |
| Sedimentary rocks show evidence of | Past environments |
| Sedimentary rocks are an important resource of | Coal, oil, and other fossil fuels, groundwater resources |
| Sedimentary rocks are products of | Mechanical and chemical weathering |
| What are the 3 types of sedimentary rocks | Detrital, chemical, and organic |
| Form from sediments that have been weathered and transported | Detrital |
| Chief constituents of detrital rocks | Clay minerals, quartz, feldspars, and micas |
| _ is used to distinguish among the various types of detrital rocks | Particle size |
| Clay-sized particles that form from the gradual settling of sediments in quiet, nonturbulent environments. It has fissility, crumbles easily and tends to form gentle slopes, and is the most abundant sedimentary rocks. | Shale |
| Sand-sized particles that form in a variety of environments. It is the second-most abundant sedimentary rock, and quartz is the most abundant mineral. | Sandstone |
| The particles in sandstone vary and are classified by | Their sorting and shape |
| Transformed plant matter in ancient swamps | Coal |
| Examples of coal | Estuaries, lagoons, low-lying coastal plains or delta environment |
| How is coal classified? | Based on carbon content. calorific value on combustion, and sulfur content |
| What is considered low sulfur content in coal? | <1% |
| What is considered medium sulfur content in coal? | 1-3% |
| What is considered high sulfur content in coal? | <3% |
| When sediments are siliceous, the surface water temperature is | Cool |
| When sediments are calcareous, the surface water temperature is | Warm |
| Main locations siliceous sediments are found | Sea floor beneath cool surface water in high latitudes, upwelling areas, high latitude lakes |
| Main locations calcareous sediments are found | Sea floor beneath warm surface water in low latitudes, coastal zones, tropical lakes |
| Chemical sedimentary rocks form from _ material that was once in _ form. | Precipitated, solution |
| Precipitation of material occurs by | Inorganic processes (such as evaporation) and organic processes from (water-dwelling organisms form biochemical sedimentary rocks) |
| Types of hydrogenous sediments | Manganese nodules, phosphates, carbonates, metal sulfides, evaporite salts |
| Cosmogenous sediment is composed of | Material derived from outer space |
| Two main types of cosmogenous sediments are | Microscopic space dust and macroscopic meteor debris |
| Runoff/Infiltration capacity is controlled by | Intensity and duration of rainfall, prior wetted condition of the soil, soil texture, slope of the land, nature of the vegetative cover |
| Sheetflow develops into tiny channels called | rills |
| Basic classification of streams | Climatic zones, channel substrate, stream orders, drainage patterns, channel form |
| Climatic zones | Perennial Vs ephemera |
| Channel substrate | Bedrock Vs Alluvial |
| Stream orders | based on drainage basin development |
| Channel form | straight, meanders, braided channel, and branching |
| Interaction between groundwater and streams | Constitutes a basic link in the hydrologic cycle |
| types of interactions | Gaining streams, losing streams |
| Internal Stream Processes | Erosion, transport, deposition |
| Climatic zones effect | Stream depths |
| Geology effects | slope, bed characteristics (roughness) |
| Channel configuration effects | straight vs meander |
| Valley configuration effects | shape & size |
| Sediment effects | loads |
| Stream erosion | Lifting loosely consolidated particles, stronger currents lift particles more effectively |
| How does erosion lift particles? | Abrasion, dissolution/corrosion, plucking |
| Causes of Deposition | Reduction in discharge, increase in sediment supply, decrease in slope, increase in cross-sectional area, increase in boundary resistance, flow separation, obstructions of flow |
| Where does deposition occur? | In channel bars, floodplains, alluvial fans, deltas |
| Other impacts | Diversion of water for irrigation, channelization, pesticides and herbicides, trace metals, nutrients and organic contaminants |
| Groundwater | Water found in the pores of soil and sediment, plus narrow factures in bedrock |
| Why is groundwater important? | Its the largest reservoir of fresh water that is readily available to humans |
| Distribution of groundwater | Zone of saturation |
| Formation of the zone of saturation | Water reaches a zone where all of the open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water. |
| Water table | The upper limit of the zone of saturation |
| Factors influencing the storage and movement of groundwater. | Porosity . permeability, aquitard, aquifer |
| Porosity | Percentage of total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces |
| What does porosity do? | Determines how much groundwater can be stored. Variations can be considered over short distance. |
| Features associated with groundwater | Springs, wells, artesian wells |
| Wells | Ensure a continuous supply of water, a well must penetrate below the water table |
| Pumping of wells can cause | Drawdown (lowering) of the water table, cone of depression in the water table |
| artesian wells | A situation in which groundwater under pressure rises above the level of the aquifer. |
| Problems associated with groundwater withdrawl | Treating groundwater as a nonrenewable resource, |
| Groundwater contamination | Sewage, sinking a well, highway salt, fertilizers, pesticides, chemical and industrial materials |
Created by:
KenzieMWallace105
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