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Exam 5 Vert Anatomy
Digestive, Urinary, & Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the process of taking in food & drink or other substances by swallowing or absorption? | Ingestion |
| What is Mastication? | The process of chewing |
| What is the process of swallowing? | Deglutition |
| What is the breaking down of food referred to as? | Digestion |
| What will happen to the materials that were neither digested or absorbed? | Will be expelled from the body via defection/elimination. |
| In what forms can digestion occur? | Both mechanically & chemically |
| What is the GI Tract? | The gastrointestinal tract: will be the site where digestion begins. |
| What term refers to the stomach? | Gastric |
| What term refers to the intestines? | Enteric |
| What will the GI tract consist of? | A tube that runs the length of the body |
| Where does the GI tract start & begin? | The mouth & the anus |
| What is the basic structure of the GI tract?? | A mucosal layer (3), Submucosal layer, Muscular layer (2), Skeletal muscle, & serosa. |
| What are the 2 layers of muscular layer of the GI tract? | The Inner circular layer & the outer longitude layer |
| What is the layer that will allow for conscious control within that area of the GI tract? | Skeletal Muscle |
| What is the layer of the GI tract that will help to join the mucosal layer with the muscular layers? | The submucosa |
| What are the 3 layers of the mucosal layer of the GI tract? | Epithelium, Lamina Propria, & Muscularis Mucosae |
| What layer of the GI Tract will line & enclose the body cavities? | The serosa |
| What is the serosal layer formed of? | Loose connective tissue |
| In what forms will the epithelium be present in the GI tract? | Either simple columnar epithelium or stratified squamous epithelium |
| Where will the simple columnar epithelium be located? | Throughout the length of the GI tract |
| Where will the stratified squamous epithelium be located? | Near the mouth and anus |
| What is the function of the Muscularis Mucosae? | To form the mucosal fold that will increase the surface area of th stomach & intestines. |
| What will the Lamina Propria contain? | Blood vessels, lymph vessels, & glands |
| What is the Lamina Propria formed of | Loose areolar connective tissue |
| What layer of the GI tract will contain adventitia? | The serosa |
| What is the adventitia? | A connective tissues layer that will bind structures together vs. reducing the friction between them. |
| What is the Oral cavity? | The entrance to the GI tract |
| What is the oral cavity formed of? | The vestibule & the oral cavity |
| What forms the vestibule? | The space between the lips & cheeks, and the outer surfaces of the teeth |
| What forms the oral cavity? | The area bordered by the inner surfaces of the teeth & the soft & hard palate. |
| What is the general structure of teeth? | Will be embedded in the upper maxilla bone or lower mandibular bone. |
| What is the crown of the tooth? | The visible part of the tooth that extends above the gingiva & is covered by enamel. |
| What is the root of the tooth? | The portion of the tooth that is not visible beneath the gingiva. |
| What is the apex of the tooth? | The area found at the very bottom of the root |
| What is the neck of the tooth? | The junction between the crown & the root? |
| What is the surface of the tooth that faces inward?? | Lingual & Palatal |
| What is the surface of the tooth that faces outward? | Labial & buccal |
| What is the edge of the tooth that faces inward? | Mesial |
| What is the edge of the tooth that faces outward? | Distal |
| What is the biting surface of the tooth? | The Occlusal surface |
| WHat is dentin? | The hard as bone substance that will contain blood vessels and nerves & will surround the pulp cavity |
| What is the muscular surface found on the ventral surface of the oral cavity? | The tongue |
| What are the functions of the papillae located on the dorsal surface of the tongue?? | Mechanical - grooming Specialized - sensations. |
| Wat is the temporomandibular joint? | The connection between the condyle process of the mandible & the fossa of the temporal bone |
| What are the movements of the TMJ? | Flexion, Extension, & Translation |
| What is the movement of translation? | The ability to move laterally & rostrally. |
| What are the different forms of saliva? | Watery, viscous, or mixed |
| What are the 3 main paired glands that will secrete saliva? | The parotid gland, mandibular gland & sublingual gland |
| What are the main functions of saliva? | Moisten & lubricate food, antibacterial action, pH regulation, thermoregulation, enzymatic digestion. |
| What are the structures located within the pharynx? | The eustachian tube & tonsils |
| What is peristalsis? | The pattern of muscle contractions that will propel food through the GI tract |
| What are the 4 serous membranes found within the abdominal cavity? | Visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum, mesentery, & omentum |
| What will be what suspends the intestines from the abdominal wall? | Mesentery |
| What is the double-layer, connecting peritoneum that helps to link the stomach to the abdominal wall? | The omentum |
| What is the funciton of the omentum? | Fat storage and insulation for the abdomen |
| What is the makeup of makeup of the mesentery? | Vascular & innervated |
| What are the 4 functions of the stomch? | 1. storage of ingested substances 2. chemical & mechanical breakdown of ingested materials 3. WILL NOT ABSORB NUTRIENTS 4. will produce intrinsic factors |
| What is the term for the solid form that food will be in when entering the stomach? | Bolus |
| What is the term for the state in which food will exit the stomach? | Chyme |
| How many chambers will be present within a ruminant stomach | 4 |
| Where will the monogastric stomach be located? | behind the diaphragm |
| What are the 4 glandular portions of the monogastric stomach? | Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus |
| What condition forms when an animals cardiac sphincter closed too tightly & gas cannot be released? | Bloat |
| What portion of the stomach is capable of great expandability? | fundus |
| What is the largest portion of the stomach? | The body |
| What is the primary function of the body of the stomach? | to mix ingested food with digestive fluids |
| What is the most distal portion of the stomach? | The pylorus |
| What will control the rate in which chyme is pumped from the pylorus to the duodenum? | The pyloric sphincter |
| What are rugae? | folds within the gastric mucosa that allow the stomach to expand when filled with food. |
| What is a composite organ? | An organ formed of multiple parts. |
| What type of animals will be ruminants? | Some species of herbivores |
| How will a ruminants diet differ from a carnivores? | It will require more food intake than a carnivore because their diet will be less dense. |
| What are the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach? | Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum |
| Characteristics of the forestomach? | Will be non-glandular. will not produce digestive enzymes, instead there will be a mutualistic relationship with microorganisms living in the forestomach. |
| Which chamber of the forestomach will have a honeycomb resembling structure. | the reticulum |
| Which is the largest expandable portion of the forestomach? | the rumen |
| What chamber of the forestomach is referred to as the "book stomach? | the omasum |
| What chamber of the ruminant stomach is referred to as the "true stomach"? | the abomasum |
| Why is the abomasum referred to as the "true stomach"? | It functions identically to the monogastric stomach. |
| What is the esophageal groove? | a structure in young ruminants that with bypass the reticulorumen in order for the nursing milk to pass directly into the omasum & abomasum |
| Why is the esophageal groove important? | The reaction between the milk & the microorganisms can cause lactic acid buildup which can be damaging to the microorganisms |
| What does rumination mean? | chewing the cud |
| What is the main contraction of the reticulorumen? | mixing functions |
| On what basis will the reticulorumen separate particles? | Based upon their size |
| What will happen during rumination? | Ingesta from the reticulorumen will move back into the oral cavity for additional salivation & continued chewing |
| What are the 4 steps of rumination? | regurgitation, re-insalivation, re-mastication, re-swallowing |
| What is eructation? | the secondary contraction that is responsible for the release of gasses that is produced by the reticulorumen during fermentation |
| What gasses are released during the fermentation process in ruminants? | methane & carbon dioxide |
| Where do monogastric & ruminant stomachs come back together in structure? | The small intestine |
| What is the small intestine? | the small tube that carries the chyme away from the stomach & deposits it into the large intestine |
| What is responsible for suspending the small intestine from the abdominal wall? | the mesentery |
| What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? | duodenum, jejunum, & ileum |
| What are the main functions of the small intestine?? | Chemical digestion & absorption |
| What is the portion of the small intestine that will receive chyme via the pyloric sphincter? | the duodenum |
| What is the portion of the small intestine that the Preyer's patch can be found in? | The Ileum |
| Wat is the longest portion of the small intestine? | the jejunum |
| Where will the ileum empty to in ruminants? | The cecum or the colon |
| Where will the ileum empty into in non-ruminant herbivores? | the cecum |
| Where will the ileum empty into in dogs & cats? | the colon |
| What are plications? | Folds present in the mucosal lining of the small intestine that will increase the surface area. |
| What will be the function of villi & microvilli within the small intestine? | will form a brush border. |
| What are intestinal crypts? | the site where intestinal cells undergo mitosis to replace the tips of the villi & microvilli that are lost during their functions. |
| What are lacteals? | lymphatic capillaries that transport absorbed lipids & fat-soluble substance to the thoracic duct & into the vena cava. |
| What are the functions of the blood capillaries within the small intestine? | Will help to collect some of the absorbed nutrients & transport them to the liver |
Created by:
agraf4
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