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Human Phys
Is the immune system effective?
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| TUMOUR SUPPRESSIVE ROLES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | • Protects against bacterial and viral infections that may cause cancer • Helps resolve inflammation which is a promoter of cancer • Directly recognise and kill tumour cells |
| The Cancer-Immunity Cycle | The generation of immunity to cancer is a cyclic process that can be self propagating, leading to an accumulation of immune-stimulatory factors that in principle should amplify and broaden T cell responses |
| Activation of hostdefence mechanisms after recognition of microorganisms | Pathogen - PPR (PRR = pattern recognition receptor) - activation of module by PRRs - innate host defence modules - innate (hours) to adaptive (days) |
| Innate host-defence aspects | mucosal epithelia phagocytes complement system inflammasomes NK cells basophils mast cells |
| Effector TH -cell lineage | TH-1/2/17 = antibodies TH-1 = macrophage TH-2 = mast and basophil cells TH-17 = neutrophil |
| Infectious or communicable diseases | - big problems - in low income countries, death typically occurs from neonatal/respiratory/malaria - in high income countries, death typically occurs from heart disease, strokes and cancers |
| Ineffective response to pathogens: Various Mechanisms Used by Bacterial and Viral Pathogens to Overcome Innate and Acquired Immune Systems | - apoptosis/phagocytosis |
| Ineffective response to cancer cells: Immune checkpoints | Normally a key part of tolerance mechanisms to avoid anti-self recognition - BUT cancer cells can co-opt this process to ‘turn-off’ CTLs within a tumour TAA - tumor associated antigen |
| Primary immunodeficiency | B cell (antibody) - IgA/G deficiency T cell - PNP deficiency Mixed - Bloom's syndrome |
| Secondary immunodeficiency | B cell - myeloma T cell - AIDS Mixed - leukemia |
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) •recognition of host cell (CD4 receptor) • tRNA primes DNA synthesis = RNA / DNA hybrid • RNA degraded • second strand of DNA synthesised |
| • integration into host genome • transcription/translation, assembly of virions • release and destruction of T helper cells | |
| HIV mediated destruction of CD4 TH cells | Infection of CD4+ TH cells by HIV results in a reduction in TH cells due to cell lysis Results in loss/poor antibody production, poor cytotoxic T cell activation, and lack of macrophage stimulation |
| AIDS | = acquired immunodeficiency affecting both acquired and innate immune systems |
| Hypersensitivity | Normally: • immune response mobilizes a number of effector molecules to remove antigen • localised inflammatory response However: • inflammatory response can have deleterious effects – significant tissue injury, serious disease, death |
| Hypersensitivity reactions | Hypersensitivity reactions may develop in the course of either a humoral or cell-mediated immune response Anaphylactic reactions triggered by antibody or antigen-antibody complexes are Immediate Hypersensitivity (minutes/hours) |
| Hypersensitivity reactions | Delay of symptoms until days after exposure: Delayed-type Hypersensitivity |
Created by:
reub8n
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