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MICRO U4 Exam
TCC Microbiology (BIOL2164) Unit 4: Topic 12, 13, 14, 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Molecular Koch's Postulates are used to identify: | Genes responsible for pathogenicity |
| Molecules found on the surface of some pathogens that bind to receptors on host cells are called: | Adhesins |
| A _________ disease is seen only occasionally and usually without any specific geographic concentration. | Sporadic |
| M protein, produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, is an example of a(n): | Antiphagocytic chemical |
| The cholera toxin is an example of a(n): | Enterotoxin |
| Nosocomial infections that are the direct result of a medical procedure are called | Latrogenic |
| The study of the geographical distribution, timing, and transmission of disease in populations is called: | Epidemiology |
| Which of the following is the portal of entry most commonly used by pathogenic microbes? | Mucous membranes |
| The suffix "-emia" refers to: | Blood |
| Syphilis is a sexually-transmitted disease. This means that syphilis is trasmitted by: | Horizontal direct contact transmission |
| Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoa that causes malaria. The parasite's life cycle involves several asexual stages in humans and a mature sexual stage in mosquitos. This means that the mosquito acts as a ___________. | Definitive hosts |
| If a patient is diagnosed with septicemia, this means that: | Bacteria are present and multiplying in the blood |
| A patient contracts Pneumocystis pneumonia (a rare type of fungal pneumonia) due to having a compromised immune system because of infection with HIV. The HIV infection can be classified as: | Primary |
| When a pathogen or toxin spreads to a secondary location some distance from the initial portal of entry, the infection is said to be: | Focal |
| The period between initial infection and the onset of symptoms is called: | Incubation |
| When a disease outbreak originates from a single source and new infections continue to occur over a period of time that is shorter than the incubation period, this is called: | Point source spread |
| Which of the following exoenzymes degrades protein in the extracellular matrix, thus assisting the pathogen with spreading in the body? | Collagenase |
| When a disease outbreak has no single source, but is instead due to direct or indirect person-to-person contact, this is called: | Propagated spread |
| If a student who is symptomatic with influenze attends class and transmits the virus to others, the student is acting as a(n): | Active carrier |
| Which of the following terms refers to a disease that can be transmitted between hosts? | Communicable |
| The bacterial endotoxin is associated with which of the following? | Gram-negative outer membranes |
| __________ are exotoxins that trigger excessive, nonspecific activation of immune cells resulting in a "cytokine storm." | Superantigens |
| Any change from a state of health is ____________________. | Disease |
| Which of the following terms applies to sickle cell anemia? | Noninfectious |
| Which of the following is an example of an intracellular-targeting exotoxin? | Tetanus toxin |
| Infections that are confined to a small area of the body near the portal of entry are called: | Local |
| If a patient is diagnosed with toxemia, this means that: | Toxins are present in the blood |
| If a student who has COVID but is not yet symptomatic attends class and transmits the virus to others, the student is acting as a(n): | Asymptomatic carrier |
| The primary national public health agency in the United States is the: | CDC |
| All of the following are characteristics of bacterial exotoxins: | Relatively low LD50; Typically heat-stable Produced by gram+ and gram- bacters |
| The lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial are also known as the bacterial __________. | Endotoxin |
| The number, or proportion, of individuals with a particular disease in a given population at a given point in time is called: | Prevalence |
| "Infectious" means: | A disease is caused by a microbe |
| All of the following are characteristics of the bacterial endotoxin: | Relatively high LD50; Causese inflammation and fever; Heat stable |
| Which of the following is NOT a disease caused by a "TORCH" pathogen? | WRONG- TOXOPLASMOSIS |
| _________ introduced introduced the use of phenol as an disinfectand and antiseptic during surgery, thus dramatically reducing post-operative infections. | Joseph Lister |
| Which of the following is an exoenzyme that triggers blood clotting in order to hide a pathogen from the immune system. | Coagulase |
| __________ infectious diseases are those that are either new to the human population or that have shown an increase in prevalence over the past 20 years. | Emerging |
| Which of the following is an example of a membrane-disrupting exotoxin? | Streptolysin |
| Communities of bacteria adhering to surfaces are called ____________________. | Biofilms |
| Koch's postulates are used to determine: | The pathogen responsible for a disease |
| Which of the following is an example of a superantigen? | Toxic shock syndrom toxin |
| Latency is associated with which of the following diseases? | Shingles |
| Which of the following diseases is commonly spread by droplet transmission? | Influenza |
| A _________ disease is occurring when a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region. | Epidemic |
| Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoa that causes malaria. The parasite's life cycle involves several asexual stages in humans and a mature sexual stage in mosquitos. This means that the mosquito acts as a ___________. | Biological vector |
| A _________ disease is constantly present (often at a low level) in a population within a particular geographic region. | Endemic |
| The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) is published by the: | CDC |
| All of the following would be classified as symptoms EXCEPT: | Diarrhea |
| Which of the following types of exoenzymes can lyse host cell membranes? | Phospholipases |
| All of the following are examples of NONcommunicable diseases: | Acne, Tetanus, Gingivitis |
| __________ are proteins associated with some pathogenic bacteria and viruses (e.g., Streprococcus pyogenes and SARS-CoV-2) that can trigger a "cytokine storm" resulting in an excessive inflammatory response that can be life-threatening. | Superantigens |
| All of the following are aspects of inflammation: | Increased permeability of capillaries, initiation of cellular repair mechanisms, dialation of blood vessels |
| ____________ triggers cells to stop transcription and degrade existing mRNA. | Interferon |
| NK cells contain granules of _________ that, when released, create pores in the membrane of a targeted cell. | Perforins |
| _________________ function refers to the release of cytokine signals intended to be received by neighboring cells. | Paracrine |
| Fever is initiated in a region of the brain called the ____________. | Hypothalamus |
| __________ are a broad class of chemical substances capable of triggering fever. | Pyrogens |
| Lysozyme is found in which of the following fluids? | Mucus, tears, intestinal secretions |
| Tuberculosis results in the formation of ________ in the lungs of infected individuals that are observable in chest x-rays. | Granulomas |
| When cytokine signals are received and responded to by nearby cells, this is called _______ function. | Paracrine |
| The process by which leukocytes exit capillaries and enter surrounding tissue to combat infection is called: | Diapedesis |
| Bacterial PAMPs include all of the following: | Lipopolysaccharides, flagellin, peptidoglycan |
| NK cells are triggered to release perforins and granzymes when they encounter host cells that display: | Reduced MHC markers |
| NK cells contain granules of _________ that, when released, trigger cells to undergo apoptosis. | Granzymes |
| Helminth infections can be expected to result in elevated levels of: | Eosinophil |
| The antibody-triggered complement cascade is known as the: | Classical pathway |
| Which of the following is an important iron-transporting protein found in blood? | Transferrin |
| ___________ are macrophages that reside in the liver. | Kupffer cells |
| ________ are granulocytes that have large granules, stain reddish-orange, and have nuclei with 2-3 lobes. | Eosinophils |
| All of the following are associated with nonspecific defense EXCEPT: | Antibodies |
| All of the following can trigger fever EXCEPT: | Lysozyme |
| Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) would be found on which of the following? | Macrophages |
| Which of the following is an example of phagocytosis? | A leukocyte engulfs a foreign cell |
| Which of the following types of molecules is associated with T-dependent immune responses? | Proteins |
| _________ immune responses are those that involve B cells and antibodies. | |
| _______ cells are only involved in humoral immune responses. | B |
| ___ cells are important for defense against chronic mucocutaneous infections. Conditions such as chronically-recurring Candida infections can occur when these cells are defective. | TH17 |
| Antibodies are produced by: | |
| The cytokines needed to trigger class switching by plasma cells are produced by ____ cells. | TH2 |
| The most abundant class of antibodies found in the blood is ____________________. | IgG |
| "Class switching" refers to: | Production of different types of antibodies by plasma B cells |
| Which of the following is NOT involved in T-independent humoral immune responses? | Differentiation of B cells into memory B cells |
| Newly-formed T cells mature in the ________. | Thymus |
| Which of the following cells is NOT involved in a cell-mediated immune response? | |
| MHC I molecules are common to all nucleated human cells. Which of the following cells would NOT have MHC I molecules? | Red blood cells |
| Many people are allergic to penicillin. However, the penicillin molecule itself is too small to trigger an immune response, so it must be complexed with a second molecule before the allergy occurs. This means penicillin is an example of a(n): | Hapten |
| During a T-dependent humoral immune response, a TH cell will differentiate to become a ______ cell. | TH2 |
| To what does the TCR of a TH cell bind? | Antigens presented with MHC II molecules |
| If a newly-formed T cell binds to a self-antigen before maturing, it will be stimulated to: | |
| A "cytokine storm" is the result of excessive stimulation of: | |
| Bound antibodies can serve as attachment points for macrophages, assisting them with binding and performing phagocytosis. This is called: | |
| Bound antibodies can: | |
| Vaccines are important because they allow an immunized individual to have a(n) _______ response when they encounter a pathogen they have never actually been infected with before. | |
| All of the following statements concerning B cell receptors (BCRs) are true EXCEPT: | |
| TH2 cells secrete cytokines that serve to activate: | |
| Which of the following cells is NOT involved in a cell-mediated immune response? | |
| Plasma cells belong to which of the following groups of cells? | |
| Activated TC cells kill their targets using: |
Created by:
taylore.williamson
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