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APES Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a group of organisms distinct from others and can successfully breed. | species |
| The number of species in a given area. | species richness |
| Relative abundance of each species. | species evenness |
| branching patterns of evolutionary relationships. | phylogenies |
| change in genes over time within a population. | evolution |
| evolution at the species level | microevolution |
| evolution that gives rise to new species | macroevoution |
| sections of DNA that code for proteins. | genes |
| genetic makeup, Contains 2 alleles that are represented with letters | genotype |
| physical characteristics | phenotype |
| a non lethal change in the structure or amount of genetic material of an organism. | mutation |
| an individual whose DNA or chromosomes differ from some previous or normal state. | mutant |
| What causes mutations | - naturally through accidental changes to DNA occurs during the cells life cycle - DNA polymerase fails to correct its mistake - Influenced by the environment |
| picking particular traits and breeding those individuals, often through agriculture and livestock, also called selective breeding | artificial selection |
| unintended consequences of artificial selection | - resistant weeds - resistant antibiotics |
| environment determines what will survive | natural selection |
| another term for the influence of the environment | environmental pressures |
| What are Darwins 4 premises | - overproduction - variation - selection - adaption |
| ability to survive and reproduce | fitness |
| traits that improve an individual's fitness | adaptions |
| What are the factors of evolution | - mutations - genetic drift - bottleneck effect - founder's effect |
| change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating. Affects small populations | genetic drift |
| drastic reduction in the size of a population resulting in a reduction of the genetic diversity; often caused by some unforeseen event. | Bottleneck Effect |
| change in population from a small number of colonizing individuals. A small portion of the original population inhabit a new area | Founder's Effect |
| making a new species. Characterized by moving from microevolution to macroevolution | speciation |
| What are the two types of speciation | - Allopatric - Sympatric |
| separation due to a geographical barrier | geographic isolation |
| geographic isolation forces two species to adapt differently. Eventually they cannot breed. Geographic isolation leads to reproductive isolation as a result a new species | allopatric speciation |
| evolution of one species into two species WITHOUT geographic isolation usually occurring through polyploidy | sympatric speciation |
| organisms with more than two sets of chromosomes. Usually found in plant species, results in an inability to breed (because they cannot interbreed with their diploid ancestors) | polyploidy |
| How often is a new species generated | 1 every 3 million years |
| What are the four factors that influence successful evolutionary change | - rate of environmental change - genetic variation - population size - generation time |
| a slower rate of environmental change === | more/faster evolution and speciation (because the species is given more time to adapt to the changes) |
| more genetic variation within a species under environmental pressure === | more/faster evolution and speciation (there is a better chance for the species to adapt to changing conditions) |
| the smaller the population of a species under environmental pressure === | more/faster evolution and speciation (if a beneficial mutation occurs, it can spread faster) |
| the shorter the generational time of a species that is under environmental pressure === | more evolution and speciation (increases the chance that benefical mutations will occur within a given amount of time and allow them to spread faster) |
| directly manipulating genes | genetic engineering |
| organisms with inserted/altered genes | genetically modified organisms (GMOs) |
| limits to the abiotic conditions they can tolerate | range tolerance |
| the role an organism plays in the environment | niche |
| ideal conditions | fundamental niche |
| where the organism actually lives | realized niche |
| What percentage of all species that have lived on earth are now extinct | 99 |
| Why are so many species now extinct | no favorable habitat |
| remains of organisms that have been preserved in rock. Oldest are found on the bottom | fossils |
| How many global mass extinctions have there been | 5 |
Created by:
rodgerz07
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