Question 1

1. What are the two divisions of body fluids.

Accepted Answer

extracellular and intercellular

Question 2

2. How much of the body's weight is water? How is this different in a baby?

Accepted Answer

Female – 52% water – adipose doesn't hold as much water ( think about men losing weight easier); Male – 63% water – muscle surrounded by glycogen which is water soluble, thus weight loss. Infants are 73% or more water- % of water more than adults

Question 3

3. What percent is intercellular fluid? Where is it?

Accepted Answer

40% of body weight; within a cell

Question 4

4. What percent is extracellular fluid? Give the three major divisions and locations of ECF (other is # 3):

Accepted Answer

20% of body weight; 1. Interstitial – tissue spaces; 2. Plasma; 3. other extra cellular fluid – lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, serous (peritoneal & synovial), gastro intestinal secretions

Question 5

5. What are the solutes in body fluid?:

Accepted Answer

Electrolytes ( inorganic salts, acids, basis, some proteins – greater osmotic power than non-electrolytes) and Non-electrolytes ( glucose, lipids, creatine, & urea) and Water(moves according to osmotic gradients)

Question 6

6. What are the two types of pressures which causes movements of body fluids?:

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure and Osmotic pressure

Question 7

7. What is normal daily water intake? What are three sources of water input?:

Accepted Answer

@ 2500 ml/day; 60% beverage, 30% food, 10% metabolic waste

Question 8

8. What is normal daily water output? What are four forms of water output?:

Accepted Answer

@ 2500 ml/day; 60% urine; 4 % feces; 8 % perspiration; 28% evaporation from skin and lungs (insensible).

Question 9

9. Explain the thirst mechanism.:

Accepted Answer

Thirst regulated by hypothalamus; osmoregulators recognize 1% deviation.

Question 10

10. How is plasma, interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid affected by dehydration?:

Accepted Answer

water goes from cells ------> interstitial------->plasma

Question 11

11. How is plasma, interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid affected by overhydration?:

Accepted Answer

water goes from plasma------->intersitial------>cell

Question 12

12. What is the importance of sodium?:

Accepted Answer

maintain water balance and therefore blood volume and blood pressure. As a reminder, water follows Sodium.

Question 13

13. Where is sodium found primarily?:

Accepted Answer

Mostly outside cells 90-95% of ECF solute-exerts large osmotic pressure

Question 14

14. What is the importance of potassium?:

Accepted Answer

main cation (+ ion) It maintains resting membrane potential. Excessive extra cellular fluid (ecf) potassium derceases membrane potential. Too little K causes hyper-polarization & nonresponsiveness. It is needed for normal neuromuscular function.

Question 15

15. Where is potassium found primarily?:

Accepted Answer

inside the cell

Question 16

16. What is the importance of calcium?:

Accepted Answer

for bones, clotting, neurotransmitter function, muscle contraction

Question 17

17. Where is calcium found primarily?:

Accepted Answer

in extra cellular fluid – clotting, membrane permeability, secretory behavior

Question 18

18. What is the importance of magnesium? Co-factor for many enzymes. Especially interesting is the ATPase enzyme that breaks ATP to give energy for muscle contraction.:

Accepted Answer

Co-factor for many enzymes. Especially interesting is the ATPase enzyme that breaks ATP to give energy for muscle contraction.

Question 19

19. Where is magnesium found primarily?:

Accepted Answer

Bones & inside cells

Question 20

20. How does the body control the levels of these electrolytes?:

Accepted Answer

Mg-Reabsorption in PCT; Na–by aldosterone, thirst, ADH, natriuretic peptides. aldosterone, secretion in DCT, controls K; if blood is acid, no K secreted b/c H goes out when Na is retained; High K can stimulate aldosterone secretion. Ca–parathyroid hormone

Question 21

21. What is the pH range of the blood?:

Accepted Answer

between ph 7.35 and 7.45

Question 22

22. What may cause metabolic acidosis?:

Accepted Answer

acidosis (acidemia) – too much acid. Too much alcohol -->  acetic acid.aldehyde Excessive loss of HCO3 --> diarrhea. Ketosis --> diabetic crisis or starvation --> burning fatty acids. Kidney failure --> H+ not secreted. DIARRHEA!!!

Question 23

23. What may cause respiratory acidosis?:

Accepted Answer

When a person breathes shallowly or gas exchange is hampered by disease (CO2 accumulation in  coma and death.blood). Drowsiness, disorientation, stupor, if uncompensated  EMPHYSEMA!!

Question 24

24. What may cause metabolic alkalosis?:

Accepted Answer

Alkalosis (alkaemia) – too much base. Increase pH & increase HCO3 (bicarbonate). Vomiting acid of stomach. Intake of base (antacids). Constipation – too much HCO3 reabsorbed.

Question 25

25. What may cause respiratory alkalosis?:

Accepted Answer

CO2 eliminated faster than produced. Result of hyperventilation. Rarely pathological. Light headedness, tingling sensations, agitation. HYPERVENTILATION!!!

Question 26

26. What are the three mechanisms that the body uses to restore homeostasis when pH changes?:

Accepted Answer

1. Bicarbonate Buffer System, Phosphate buffering system, Protein buffering system. 2. Respiratory centers. 3. Kidneys.

Question 27

27. What order do these mechanisms respond in? How fast is each?:

Accepted Answer

1. Chemical buffering system. 2. Respiratory centers. 3. Kidneys. For chemical BUFFERS within seconds, for respiratory centers within 1-3 minutes, and hours to days on the Kidneys.

Ch25-Fluids & Electr

Marieb A&P Chapt 25 Fluids and Electrolytes

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