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Bio 1AL Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heart | including pericardium that surrounds and covers the heart |
| aorta and pulmonary trunk | large diameter, muscular, thick-walled vessels convey blood away from the heart; elastic walls store energy imparted from ejection of the blood by the ventricles and sustain arterial pressure and blood flow during diastole. PT:right ventricle, A:left vent |
| venae cavae and pulmonary veins | thinner/less muscular vessels deliver blood to heart. anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into right atrium. the 4 pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood to left atrium |
| heart valves | flaps that open/close to allow one way movement of blood in and out of heart |
| heart valve: pulmonary semilunar valve | at the base of the polmonary trunk |
| heart valve: aortic semilunar valve | at the base of the aorta |
| heart valve: bicuspid valve | between the left atrium and left ventricle |
| heart valve: tricuspid valve | between right atrium and right ventricle |
| coronary arteries | branch off aorta; supply heart muscle w/ oxygenated blood to sustain heart contraction |
| lungs | divided into lobes. humans have 3 lobes on the right lung and 2 on the left. sheep have 4 lobes on the right and 2 on the left |
| trachea | tube leading to lungs. encircled by cartilage to prevent collapse. splits posteriorly into right and left bronchi, which enter lungs and further divide into bronchioles. after further branching, end in alveoli |
| diaphragm | large, dome-shaped skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominopelvic cavity; contracts and flattens during inspiration and relaxes during expiration |
| liver | produces bile (emulsifies fats) and responds to hormones (controls glucose levels in blood) |
| gallbladder | stores bile produced by liver. squeezes bile down bile ducts into small intestine when fatty food enters intestine |
| thymus | near heart. site of t-lymphocyte maturation |
| esophagus | may be seen dorsal to the trachea |
| the amount of exercise you do... | is matched by increases in cardiac output and respiratory rate so increased delivery of O2 and removal of CO2 is matched ito increased energy expenditure and oxidative metabolism in muscles |
| how are the increases of O2 and CO2 fluxes provided? | blood supply is increased to active tissues (dilate arterioles), increasing rate of blood flow (increased cardiac output b/c heart rate and stroke volume increased), and increasing breathing (tidal volume and breathing rate) |
| how is blood circulated? | the heart pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary circuit to the lungs and oxygenated blood through the systemic circuit to all the tissues of the body |
| chambers of the heart | 4 chambers total. 2 atria and 2 ventricles. blood flows from right atrium to right ventricle and left atrium to left ventricle. |
| heart tissue composition | made of cardiac muscle and conducting cells that spread electrcal signal through heart. pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node in right atrium generate spontaneous action potentials which increase heart rate. |
| electrical signals from SA node | one action potential in SA node triggers contraction of atria and then the ventricles. signal spreads via gap junctions, so myocardial cells of both atria depolarize and contract together. pushes blood from ventricles --> arteries --> lungs or body |
| depolarize means | to get positive inside |
| electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | measures transmission of electrical voltage through the heart. surface electrodes measure small changes in electrical activity in the heart. it starts at 0 b/c there is no electrical activity between heartbeats |
| P wave | first peak in ECG. caused by electrical impulse through atria. voltage returns to zero as entire atria becomes depolarized (voltage at the two skin electrodes become equal). |
| QRS complex | second and largest wave. is the depolarization of the ventricles. The conducting fibers of the Bundle of His and its two branches, then through ventricles, depolarize rapidly. QRS wave obscures the repolarization of the atria that happens at the same time |
| T wave | last peak of ECG. repolarization of ventricles. |
| lub-dub | "lub": as contraction (systole) of ventricles begins, valve btwn atria and ventricles (AV) closes and generate 'lub' during R wave. "dub": as relaxation (diastole) begins, valves leading to aorta and pulmonary trunk close and generate 'dub' during T wave |
| PR segment | period of conduction preceding ventricle depolarization |
| cardiac output | amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle into the aorta and systemic circulation every minute. is determined by heart rate and stroke volume (CO=HRxSV) |
| arterial blood pressure | pressure in the large arteries of the systemic circulation. comprised of two numbers: systolic (top/large number) and diastolic (bottom/small number) |
| why are there two numbers for the arterial blood pressure? pt 1 | when ventricles contract, blood is ejected from left ventricle into aorta and arteries. causes their pressure to rapidly increase (systolic pressure). when ventricles relax, valves btwn ventricles and arteries close (no more blood flow into aorta/arteries |
| why are there two numbers for the arterial blood pressure? pt 2 | ). arterial pressure remains elevated though, so blood keeps flowing out of arteries into body. arterial pressure drops until ventricles contract again. lowest arterial pressure during relaxation phase is diastolic pressure |
| what factors determine systolic and diastolic pressure? | systolic: determined by how strongly the left ventricle contracts during systole diastolic: determined by the "stretchiness" of the aorta and arteries that sustain arterial pressure during diastole |
| What are Korotkoff sounds? | a tap sound you can hear with a stethoscope that occurs during systole of each heart beat, when arterial pressure is the highest and blood flow through the constricted artery is noisy |
| What is total peripheral resistance? | results from resistance to blood flow through systemic circulation. can be determined from systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and cardiac output |
| How is total peripheral resistance controlled? | by changing the size of systemic arterioles. wider arterioles (such as when dilated during exercise) means the resistance to blood flow is decreased so TPR decreases |
| What is tidal volume? | the volume of air you breathe in/out during normal breathing |
| What is inspiratory/expiratory reserve volume? | the /possible/ volumes of air you can breathe in/out (maximum values). much larger than tidal volume |
| What is the vital capacity? | total volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration. aka, IRV + TV + ERV |
| What is the residual volume? | the small amount of air left in the lungs following maximum expiration that you cannot expire without collapsing the lungs |
| How is the rate of ventilation of the lungs calculated? | tidal volume x breathing rate lung ventilation is measured in L air/min |
| What are the standard partial pressures of air, O2, and CO2 in the atmosphere? | Atmosphere = 760 mmHg PO2 = 160 mmHg PCO2 = 0.25 mmHg |
| Is PO2 and PCO2 relatively high or low in these different parts of the body? - venous blood - arterial blood - expired air at rest - expired air after exercise | - venous blood: lower %O2/PO2. higher %CO2/PCO2 than arterial blood - expired air at rest: less O2 than atmospheric air and more CO2 |
| What causes the increase in blood flow to the skeletal muscles? pt 1 | the sympathetic nervous system is activated during exercise. releases norepinephrine and epinephrine (aka adrenaline) onto the SA node and ventricular cardiac muscle. cause the pacemaker cells to send electrical impulse more often --> increased heart rate |
| What causes the increase in blood flow to the skeletal muscles? pt 2 | ventricular muscles also contract more strongly, reducing volume inside venctricles and increasing stroke volume. therefore increases cardiac outptu |
| How does the sympathetic nervous system increase peripheral resistance? | SNS causes vasoconstriction (arterioles constrict), increasing TPR. during exercise TPR decreases b/c local paracrine signals cause local vasodilation (arterioles expand), allowing more blood flow. SNS causes vas-cons in areas less important to exercise |
Created by:
igmurray
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