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Plant Nut./Trans.
BIO 4 EXAM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| xylem | transports water and minerals from roots to shoots |
| phloem | transports photosynthetic products from sources to sinks |
| phyllotaxy | the arrangement of leaves on a stem; is specific to each species |
| two major transport pathways through plants: | apoplast and symplast |
| apoplast | consists of everything external to the plasma membrane of living cells: cell walls, extracellular spaces, and interior of vessel elements and tracheids |
| symplast | consists of the cytosol of all the living cells in a plant as well as the plasmodesmata |
| transmembrane route | across cell walls and plasma membranes |
| osmosis | the diffusion of free water across a membrane; determines the net uptake or water loss by cell |
| water potential | the direction of water flow is determined by this; a quantity that includes the affects of solute concentration and pressure; from high to low |
| megapascal | water potential is measured in a unit of pressure called ___ |
| solute potential | directly proportional to its molarity; also called osmotic potential |
| pressure potential | the physical pressure on a solution |
| turgor pressure | the pressure exerted by the protoplast against the cell wall |
| protoplast | the living part of the cell, which also includes the plasma membrane; helps maintain the stiffness of plant tissues and drives cell elongation |
| plasmolysis | occurs when the protoplast shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall |
| turgid | if a flaccid cell is placed in a solution with a lower solute conc. the cell will gain water and become __ |
| aquaporins | transport proteins in the plasma membrane that allow the passage of water |
| bulk flow | the movement of a fluid down pressure gradient; long-distance |
| essential elements | 17; required for a plant to complete its life cycle |
| hydroponic culture | the growth of plants in mineral solutions, to determine which chemical elements are essential |
| macronutrients | 9; plants require them in relatively large amounts |
| micronutrients | Cl, Fe, Mg; plants need them in very small amounts |
| humus | dead organic material |
| basic physical properties of soil: | composition and texture |
| soil particles are classified by size from largest to smallest called: | sand, silt, clay |
| topsoil | when mineral particles released from weathered rock mix with living organisms and humus |
| soil solution | consists of water and dissolved minerals in the pores between soil particles |
| loams | the most fertile topsoils and contains equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay |
| loamy soils | retain water and have air spaces for oxygen diffusion to roots |
| sandy soils | have poor water retention |
| clayey soils | have poor drainage |
| inorganic components | include positively and negatively charged ions (cations/anions) |
| organic components | include decomposed leaves, feces, dead organisms, and other organic matter |
| rhizosphere | soil layer surrounding the plants roots |
| endophytes | nonpathogenic bacteria that live between cells within the plant |
| rhizobacteria | free-living; inhabit the rhizosphere |
| nitrogen cycle | transforms atmospheric nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds |
| nodules | along a legumes roots; swellings; composed of plant cells "infected" by nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria |
| bacteroids | contained within vesicles formed in the root cell; inside the root nodule |
| mycorrhizae | mutualistic associations of fungi/roots |
| ectomycorrhizae | the mycelium of the fungus forms a dense sheath over the surface of the root (15%) |
| arbuscular mycorrhizae | microscopic fungal hyphae extend into the root (85% of plant species) |
| 3 unusual adaptations: | epiphytes, parasitic plants, and carnivorous plants |
| epiphytes | grow on other plants and obtain water and minerals from rain, rather than tapping their hosts for sustenance |
| parasitic plants | absorb water, sugars, and minerals from their living host plant |
| carnivorous plants | have adaptations for trapping insects and other small animals |
| endodermis | the innermost layer of cells in the root cortex; regulates the passage of minerals from the cortex into the vascular tissue |
| casparian strip | of the endodermal wall; blocks apoplastic transfer of minerals and water from the cortex to the vascular cylinder |
| xylem sap | water and dissolved minerals is transported from roots to leaves by bulk flow |
| transpiration | the loss of water vapor from a plants surface; involved in the transport of xylem sap |
| cohesion-tension hypothesis | transpiration and water cohesion pull water from shoots to roots |
| transpirational pull | generated when water vapor in the air spaces of a leaf diffuses down its water potential and exits the leaf via stomata |
| cavitation | caused by drought, stress, or freezing; is a blockage in the water channels of the xylem |
| changes in turgor pressure... | open/close the stomata |
| stomatal opening at dawn is triggered by: | light, CO2 depletion, internal clock in guard cells |
| xerophytes | plants that have adaptations to arid climates |
| crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) | a specialized form of photosynthesis where stomal gas exchange occurs at night and stomata remain closed by day |
| translocation | how the products of photosynthesis are transported through phloem |
| phloem sap | an aqueous solution high in sucrose |
| sugar source | an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves |
| sugar sink | an organ that is a net consumer/storer of sugar, such as a tuber/bulb |
| companion cells | enhance solute movement between apoplast and symplast |
| how do cells accumulate sucrose? | proton pumping/cotransport of sucrose and H+ |
Created by:
lainey2790
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