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Plant Structure/Grow
BIO 4 EXAM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| two major clades of angiosperms: | eudicots and monocots |
| root system | includes all of the plants root |
| shoot system | includes the stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers |
| root | an organ with functions such as anchoring the plant, absorbing minerals and water, and storing carbs |
| root hairs | absorption of water and minerals occurs here; thin extensions of epidermal cells that increase surface area |
| taproot | main vertical root |
| lateral roots | branching off the taproot |
| nodes | the point at which leaves are attached |
| internodes | the stem segments between nodes |
| apical bud | terminal bud, located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot |
| axillary bud | located in the upper angle formed by the leaf and the stem and has potential to form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower |
| leaf | the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants, functions including: gas exchange, dissipation of heat, and defense |
| petiole | a stalk which joins the leaf to the stem |
| veins | the vascular tissue of leaves |
| three tissue systems of plant organs: | dermal, vascular, and ground |
| dermal tissue system | the outer protective covering |
| epidermis | a layer of tightly packed cells in nonwoody plants |
| cuticle | a waxy coating in leaves and most stems that helps prevent water loss from epidermis |
| periderm | protective tissues that replace the epidermis in older regions of stems/roots (in woody plants) |
| trichomes | outgrowths of the shoot epidermis that can help with defense against herbivores/pathogens |
| vascular tissue system | facilitates transport of materials through the plant |
| xylem | conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots |
| phloem | transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed |
| stele | vascular tissue of a root or stem collectively |
| ground tissue system | tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular |
| pith | ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue |
| cortex | ground tissue external to the vascular tissue |
| water conducting cells of the xylem | are dead and lignified at functional maturity; includes tracheids and vessel elements |
| tracheids | long, thin cells with tapered ends that move water through pits; in xylem of vascular plants |
| vessel elements | align end to end to form long pipes called vessels |
| sugar conducting cells of the phloem | are alive at functional maturity; includes sieve cells |
| sieve-tube elements | in angiosperms, sugars are transported in sieve tubes, chains of cells called ____; lack organelles |
| sieve plates | the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube |
| companion cell | nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells; in each sieve-tube element |
| indeterminate growth | a plant can grow throughout its life; enabled by meristems which are perpetually undifferentiated tissues |
| determinate growth | some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size |
| apical meristems | located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots |
| primary growth | apical meristems elongate shoots and roots |
| lateral meristems | add thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth |
| vascular cambium | adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem |
| cork cambium | replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher |
| root cap | the root tip is covered by this, which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil |
| endodermis | innermost layer of the cortex; regulates passage of substances from the soul into the vascular cylinder |
| pericycle | the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder; lateral roots arise from within here |
| leaf primordia | leaves develop from here, projections along the sides of the apical meristem |
| shoot elongation results from... | lengthening of internode cells below the shoot tip |
| stomata | pores that allow gas exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells of the leaf |
| guard cells | each stomatal pore is flanked by two of these; which regulate its opening/closing |
| mesophyll | ground tissue in a leaf; is composed of parenchyma cells sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis |
| palisade mesophyll | in the upper part of the leaf; consists of elongated cells for photosynthesis |
| spongy mesophyll | in the lower part of the leaf; consists of loosely arranged cells for gas exchange |
| bundle sheath | each vein in a leaf is enclosed by this |
| dendrochronology | the analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study past climate change |
| bark | consists of all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem/periderm |
| lenticels | in the periderm; allows for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and outside air |
Created by:
lainey2790
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