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Colonization of Land
BIO 4 EXAM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| characteristics of land plants: | rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes and structure of flagellated sperm |
| sporopollenin | a layer of a durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out; found in plant spore walls |
| challenges presented by land: | lack of structural support and scarcity of water |
| embryophytes | plants with embryos |
| key traits in all land plants but not charophytes: | alternation of generations, apical meristems, walled spores produced in sporangia, and multicellular, dependent embryos |
| charophytes | green algae; closest relatives to land plants |
| gametophyte | is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis |
| sporophyte | fusion of the gametes give rise to the diploid ___; which produces haploid spores by mitosis |
| multicellular dependent embryos | retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte; nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo by placental transfer cells |
| sporangia | multicellular organs that produce spores |
| spore walls | contains sporopollenin that makes them resistant to harsh environments |
| apical meristems | localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots |
| cuticle | a waxy covering of the epidermis that functions in preventing water loss and microbial attack |
| stomata | specialized pores that allow the exchange of CO2 and O2 between outside air and plant |
| unique traits in early plants: | specialized tissues for water transport, cuticles, stomata, and branched sporophytes |
| the earliest land plants... | lacked true roots and leaves |
| fungi | heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from outside the body |
| hyphae | branched networks adapted for absorption |
| mycorrhizae | a plant-fungal symbiosis in which fungal hyphae transfer nutrients to the plant partner |
| nucleariids | unicellular protists; fungi are most closely related |
| choanoflagellates | unicellular; animals are most closely related |
| chitin | a strong but flexible polysaccharide in fungal cell walls |
| mycelia | networks of branched hyphae in fungi |
| two main types of mycorrhizal fungi: | arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal |
| arbuscular (endo) mycorrhizal fungi | extend hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane |
| ectomycorrhizal fungi | form sheaths of hyphae over the root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex |
| in mycorrhizae relationships... | the fungus improves the delivery of phosphate ions to plant and the plant provides the fungus with organic nutrients (carbs) |
| vascular tissue | land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of this |
| vasucular plants | have vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients |
| bryophytes | nonvascular plants represented by 3 clades of nonwoody plants: liverworts, mosses, hornworts |
| rhizoids | bryophytes are anchored to the substrate by these |
| the flagellated sperm produced by byrophytes... | must swim through a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg |
| in bryophytes.. | the height of gametophytes is constrained by lack of vascular tissues; the gametophytes are larger and longer-lived than sporophytes; the vascular tissue allowed seedless vascular plants to grow tall |
| seedless vascular plants | divided into 2 clades: lycophytes and monilophytes |
| lycophytes | club mosses and relatives |
| monilophytes | ferns and relatives |
| vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue: | xylem and phloem |
| xylem | conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube-shaped cells called tracheids |
| phloem | consists of cells arranged in tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products |
| lignin | water-conducting cells are strengthened by this to provide structural support |
| roots | anchor vascular plants and enable them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil |
| leaves | increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby, capturing more solar energy used for photosynthesis |
| two types of leaves: | microphylls and megaphylls |
| microphylls | small leaves with a single vein |
| megaphylls | larger more productive leaves with a highly branched vascular system |
| seed | consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat; dispersed by wind, etc. |
| extant seed plants are divided into 2 clades: | angiosperms and gymnosperms |
| gymnosperms | have "naked" seeds that are not enclosed in chambers |
| angiosperms | have seeds that develop inside chambers called ovaries; has reproductive structures called flowers and fruits |
| common to all seed plants: | ovules, pollen, reduced gametophytes |
| ovule | consists of an egg-producing female gametophyte surrounded by a protective layer of sporophyte tissue |
| integument | a protective layer of sporophyte tissue |
| large megaspores | where female gametophytes develop from |
| small microspores | where male gametophytes develop from |
| pollen grains | what microspores develop into; consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the protective pollen wall |
| pollination | the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules |
| pollen | eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances by air/animals, etc. |
| gymnosperms were better suited than nonvascular plants to drier conditions due to adaptations like: | seeds and pollen, thick cuticles, and leaves with small surface area |
| conifers | cone-bearing gymnosperms |
| flower | an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction; contains 4 types of modified leaves called floral organs |
| sepals | enclose the flower |
| petals | brightly colored/attract pollinators |
| stamens | produce pollen; consists of a stalk called a filament, with a sac called an anther where pollen is produced |
| carpels | produce ovules; consists of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to a stigma, where pollen is received |
| pistil | a single carpel or two or more fused carpels |
| fruit | the ovary wall thickens and matures to form ___; protect seeds and aid in their digestion |
| lichen | a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus |
| decomposers | including fungi and bacteria, break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the physical environment |
| endophytes | plants harbor harmless symbiotic ___, fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts |
| bilateral symmetry | affects the movement of pollinators and reduces gene flow in diverging populations |
Created by:
lainey2790
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