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DNA UNIT

structure, history, nucleic acids, enzymes, replication

TermDefinition
Helicase An enzyme that unzips the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands.
Topoisomerase Enzyme that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.
primase An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.
DNA polymerase Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
exonuclease an enzyme that removes successive nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide molecule
Ligase An enzyme that connects (glues) two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment
synthesize Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.
Okazaki fragments Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.
leading strand The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
lagging strand A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.
single stranded DNA binding proteins - bind to the unraveled strand preventing the re-associationf the DNA strands & degradation of DNA by nucleases Unpaired strands of DNA are very "sticky" so proteins are required to hold the 2 strands apart
DNA nucleotide deoxyribose, phosphate group, base
nucleic acids macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
monomer of nucleic acids nucleotides made of sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
polymer of nucleic acids DNA and RNA
a nucleic acid associated with energy ATP
Enzymes proteins that act as biological catalysts
Substrate The reactant on which an enzyme works.
enzyme-substrate complex When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms:
activation energy Energy needed to get a reaction started
Denature A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).
Cofactors nonprotein enzyme helpers
RNA single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix
Purines Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines cytosine, thymine, uracil
phosphodiester bond the type of bond that links the nucleotides in DNA or RNA. joins the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide
Hydrogen bond in DNA A weak chemical bond that holds together, the complementary strands of DNA. The hydrogen bonds and the nitrogen bases form the rungs of the DNA.
Histones protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
CHONP Nucleic Acids are made of Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Gene A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Meischer First to isolate DNA
Levene determined the basic structure of nucleotides, which make up DNA
Chargaff's Rule A=T and C=G
Rosalind Franklin Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she provided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA
Watson and Crick Developed the double helix model of DNA. stole images from Franklin
antiparallel strands Strands parallel to each other going in opposite directions (3'-5' and 5'-3') DNA
Steps of Replication of a DNA 1. unzip2. stablize3. prime4. build5. replace6. glue7. proofread
DNA is semi-conservative. What does that mean? The new DNA molecules consist of 2 strands: one strand is from the original DNA helix and thesecond strand is newly formed by the DNA polymerase
Created by: mrsmacoff
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