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Human Phys
Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a muscle? | - tissue that undergos contraction necessary for locomotion |
| Skeletal | - attached to skeleton - striated fibres, tubular and multinucleated - voluntary |
| Smooth | - covers walls of internal organs - non-striated - non-voluntary ie. stomach muscles |
| Cardiac | - heart - striated fibres - non-voluntary |
| Skeletal muscle physiology | 1. Epimysium: dense and irregular - muscle contraction and for the separation of the muscle from other organs so it moves freely 2. Perimysium: protects fascicles 3. Endomysium: protects muscle fibres. Allows for transmitting force to tendons |
| Skeletal muscle collagen | - present within the skeletal muscle structure is connected to the collagen present in tendons, which subsequently joins the bone through the myotendinous junction |
| Contraction | Upon contraction of the muscle fibres, this tension is transmitted to the tendon, and then to the bone • Supplied by blood vessels, oxygen delivery, and waste removal • Motor neurons present in the muscle fibres, allowing for contraction signalling |
| Muscle fibres/myofibres | Key organelles ✓ Nuclei allows for enzyme and protein production in order to maintain the cells ✓ Sarcoplasmic reticulum is vital for storage, release, and retrieve of Ca2+ ions ✓ Mitochondria: energy supply |
| Sarcomeres | - fundamental unit of the myofibrils, necessary for contraction of individual muscle fibres and the muscle |
| Costameres | - provide structural integrity during contraction. Proteins in the costamere transfer contractile forces through the sarcolemma to the extracellular matrix. |
| Thick filaments in the sarcomere | • Myosin dimers with head groups pointing in opposite directions in a helical pattern • Two myosin heavy chains and four light chain molecules • Heavy chains have tail region, flexible hinge region, globular head with an Actin-binding/ATP-binding site |
| Thin filaments in the sarcomere | • Individual actin proteins (G actin) make 2 F actin strands, anchored at the Z disc • Each G actin monomer contains a myosin binding site |
| • Troponin-Tropomyosin complex: Troponin I (TnI) binds to actin, troponin T (TnT) binds to tropomyosin, and troponin C (TnC) binds to calcium ions. On binding Ca2+, TnI undergoes a conformational change that initiates signalling. |
Created by:
reub8n
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