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Chap 6 vocab
The human body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| abdomen | body cavity w/ major organs or digestion and excretion below diaphragm above pelvis |
| acetabulum | depression on lateral pelvis where the femoral head fits |
| adams apple | prominence of cartilage in upper larynx- in men also called the thyroid cartilage |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | nucleotide- energy metabolism; stores energy |
| adrenal glands | endocrine glands- on top of kindneys- release adrenaline when stimulated by PNS |
| adrenergic | nerves that release norepinephrine or noradrenaline |
| aerobic metabolism | metabolism that works IN the presence of oxygen |
| agonal gasps | abnormal, slow/gasping breathes, seen sometimes w cardiac arrest INEFFECTIVE BREATHS |
| alpha-adrenergic receptors | part of the nervous system that when stimulated cause constriction of blood vessels |
| alveoli | air sacs of the lungs where exchange of 02 and C02 takes place |
| anaerobic metabolism | metabolism that takes place in the absence of 02 byproduct=lactic acid |
| anatomic position | Pt standing forward, arms at side, palms forward |
| aorta | main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the body |
| appendicular skeleton | comprises the arms, legs, pelvis and shoulder girdle |
| appendix | small, tubular- attached to lower border of cecum (in the LRQ of abdomen) |
| arterioles | smallest branches of arteries- leads to network of capillaries |
| articular cartilage | covers the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the end) of bones- in synovial joints |
| atrium | 2 upper chambers of the heart |
| autonomic nervous system | regulates functions that are nonvoluntary (digestion, sweating) |
| axial skeleton | skull, spinal column and rib cage |
| ball-and-socket joint | allows internal and external rotation and bending (ie: shoulder, hip) |
| beta-adrenergic receptors | part of nervous system that when stimulated cause an increased forced of contraction of the heart and can increase heart rate and bronchial dilation |
| biceps | large muscles- front of humorous |
| bile ducts | convey bile between the liver and intestine |
| blood pressure (BP) | pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries |
| brachial artery | major vessels in upper extremities- supplies blood to arm |
| brain | controlling organ of body |
| brain stem | between spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by cerebellum; controls life functions |
| capillary vessels | tiny blood vessels between arterioles and venules that allow transfer of 02, C02, nutrients, and waste between tissue and the blood |
| cardiac muscle | heart muscle, creates internal electrical current |
| cardiac output (CO) | measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 min Stroke volume times heartrate |
| carotid artery | major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain |
| cartilage | smooth connective tissue- supports structure, cushions bones |
| cecum | first part of large intestine, where the ileum opens |
| central nervous system (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebellum | the "little brain" |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | fluid that flows to protect the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain- gray matter made up of lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, vision, emotion, or personality |
| cervical spine | first 7 vertebrae- in the neck |
| chordae tendineae | thin band of fibrous tissue that attach valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting |
| chyme | substance that leaves the stomach (eaten foods w stomach acids) |
| circulatory system | complex arrangement of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins- moves blood, 02, nutrients, C02 and cellular waste |
| clavicle | the collar bone |
| coccyx | last 3-4 vertebrae (the tail bone) |
| coronal plane | line that divided the body into front and back parts (imaginary) |
| cranium | area of head above the ears and eyes; the skull- contains the brain |
| cricoid cartilage | firm ridge of cartilage that forms lower part of the larynx |
| cricothyroid membrane | thin sheet of fascia that connects thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx |
| dead space | part of the airway that contains air but there's no gas Exhange (ventilation but not respiration) |
| dermis | inner layer of the skin |
| diaphragm | muscular dome- forms undersurface of thorax- separates chest from abdominal cavity contractions bring air into the lungs and relaxion allows air to be propelled out of the lungs |
| diastole | relaxation of the ventricles in the heart |
| diffusion | movement of gas from a HIGH area of concentration TO a LOW area |
| digestion | processing of food |
| dorsalis pedis artery | artery on anterior surface of foot |
| endocrine system | complex message and control system that integrates body functions (release of hormones) |
| enzymes | designed to speed up some biochemical reactions |
| epidermis | outer layer of skin |
| epiglottis | thin, grouping of cells that's sealed together to form a tight protective covering for food from entering the airway |
| epinephrine | hormone produced by adrenal glands- vital role in sympathetic Nervous system |
| esophagus | collapsable tube- extends from pharynx to stomach- propels food and liquids into stomach |
| expiratory reserve volume | amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled |
| extension | straightening of a joint |
| fallopian tube | long, slender tubes- extend from uterus to ovaries- where the ovum passes |
| femoral artery | major artery of the thigh- supplies blood to the lower extermities |
| femoral head | proximal end of the femur |
| femur | the thighbone; longest and strongest bone |
| flexion | bending of a joint |
| foramen magnum | large opening in the skull that allows brain to connect to spinal cord |
| frontal bone | forehead- bone |
| gallbladder | sac on undersurface of liver- collects bile from liver and discharges it through the bile duct |
| genital system | reproductive system |
| germinal layer | deepest layer of epidermis where new skin cells are formed |
| greater trochanter | bone prominence of the proximal. lateral side of thigh |
| hair follicles | small organs that produce hair |
| heart rate | number of heartbeats in 1 min |
| hinge joint | bend and straighten, but cannot rotate (ie: elbow) |
| hormones | substances formed in organs/glands that are carries to an organ- regulate many body functions |
| humorous | bone of the upper arm |
| hydrostatic pressure | pressure of water against the walls of its container |
| hypoxic drive | "backup system" to control respiration |
| ilium | one of the 3 bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring |
| inferior vena cava | large vein; carries blood from the lower extremities and pelvis to the heart |
| inspiratory reserve volume | amount of air that can be inhaled in 1 breath |
| interstitial space | space between cells |
| ischium | one of the bones that form the pelvic ring |
| joint (articulation) | where 2 bones come in contact |
| joint capsule | fibrous sac that encloses a joint |
| kidneys | 2 organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine- regulates the body's salt and water content |
| labored breathing | use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist when ventilation is impaired |
| lactic acid | by-product of broken down glucose- accumulates when anaerobic metabolism occurs |
| large intestine | encircles the abdomen around the small intestine; helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste |
| lesser trochanter | projection on the medial, superior portion of femur |
| ligament | connects bone to bone, strengthens joint |
| liver | RUQ, immediately below diaphragm; produced bile, stores glucose, and produces substances that help immune response |
| lumbar spine | lower part of the spine, lowest 5 |
| lymph | thin fluid that carries 02, nutrients, and hormones to cells and carries metabolic waste away |
| lymph nodes | tiny, oval shaped structures in places among the lymph vessels that filter lymph |
| manubrium | upper part of the sternum |
| maxillae | upper jawbones |
| medulla oblongata | in the spinal cord, conduction pathway; coordinates HR, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing |
| metabolism (cellular respiration) | process that results in production of energy from nutrients within cells |
| midbrain | helping to regulate the level of consciousness |
| midsagittal plane | midline, divides body into equal left and right halves |
| minute volume | amount of air moved in and out the lungs per min TV times RR |
| motor nerves | carry info from the CNS to the muscles |
| mucous membranes | lining of body cavities and passages that communicate with the environment outside the body |
| mucus | water secretion of the mucous membrane that lubricates the body openings |
| myocardium | heart muscle |
| nasopharynx | part of pharynx, above the roof of mouth, nose opening |
| norepinephrine | neurotransmitter (and drug) used to reverse the effects of shock; produces vasoconstriction (fight-or flight) through Alpha-stimulators |
| occiput | most posterior part of cranium |
| oncotic pressure | pressure of water to move typically int the capillary as a result of the presence of plasma proteins |
| orbit | eye socket |
| oropharynx | part of the pharynx that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus |
| ovaries | produces sex hormones and eggs |
| pancreas | lies below the liver and stomach; major source of digestive enzymes and insulin |
| parasympathetic nervous system | controls involuntary functions |
| parietal bone | bones that lie between the temporal and occipital region of cranium |
| pathophysiology | study of how normal physiological processes are affected by disease |
| perfusion | the circulation of oxygenated blood to organs that meets the cells current needs |
| peripheral nervous system | spinal nerves, cranial nerves (sensory, motor, or connecting) |
| peristalsis | wavelike contraction of smooth muscle- how some organs propel their contents |
| plasma | stick, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste to organs for excretion |
| pleura | membrane covering the lungs and lining the thorax, closes the pleural space |
| pleural space | potential space |
| pons | controls sleep, respiration, and the medullary respitory center |
| posterior tibial artery | behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot |
| prostate gland | small gland surrounding the urethra where it emerges from the bladder; secrets sperm |
| pubic symphysis | where the two halves of the pelvic ring come together at a joint with minimal motion |
| pulmonary artery | leads from right ventricle to the lungs; carries 02 poor blood |
| pulmonary veins | 4 veins that return oxygenated blood to left atrium |
| pulse | wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle |
| radial artery | major artery in the forearm; on the wrist, on thumb side |
| rectum | lowest part of colon |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells; carry 02 to tissues |
| renal pelvis | collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it though the ureter into the bladder |
| residual volume | air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhale |
| respiration | inhaling and exhaling of air; psychological process that exchanges C02 from fresh air |
| respiratory compromise | inability of the body to move gas effectively |
| reticular activating system | in upper part of brain stem; Maintenace of consciousness (specifically level of arousal) |
| retroperitoneal | behind the abdominal cavity |
| sacroiliac joint | joint between the pelvis and vertebral column |
| sacrum | one of the three bones that makes up the pelvic ring; 5 fused sacral vertebrae |
| sagittal plane | imaginary line dividing the body into left and right parts |
| salivary glands | produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist |
| sebaceous glands | produce oily substance called sebum that discharges along the shafts of hairs |
| sensory nerves | carry sensations for touch, taste, smell, temperature, and pain from the body to CNS |
| hypoperfusion | shock; state of inadequate 02 and nutrient delivery to the cells |
| shoulder girdle | upper extremities; clavicale, scapula and humerous |
| skeletal muscle | muscles thats attached to bones and usually 1 joint |
| small intestine | between the stomach and cecum |
| smooth muscle | involuntary muscle, automatic activities; bulk of the gastrointestinal tract |
| somatic nervous system | regulates activities that are voluntary |
| sphincters | muscles arranged in circles that can decrease the diameter of tubes; found in rectum, bladder, blood vessels |
| sphygmomanometer | device to measure BP |
| stratum corneal layer | outermost/dead layer of skin |
| stroke volume | amount of blood pumped with each ventricular contraction |
| subcutaneous tissue | largely fat; lies directly under the dermis; insulator of the body |
| symphysis | type of join that has grown together to form a very stable connection |
| synovial fluid | fluid within a joint; used as lubricant |
| synovial membrane | lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid |
| systematic circulation | portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs |
| systemic vascular resistance (SRV) | related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel; the resistance it must overcome |
| systole | the contraction of the ventricles |
| tendons | attaches muscles to bone |
| testicles | produces hormones and sperm |
| thyroid cartilage | forms the upper part of the larynx; adams apple |
| tidal volume | amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500mL for and adult |
| topographic anatomy | superficial landmarks of the body that guide the location of whats beneath |
| trachea | windpipe; passes air to and from the lungs |
| transverse (axial) plane | imaginary line where the body divided into top and bottom |
| tunica media | middle, thickest layer of blood vessel; allow expansion of constriction |
| ureter | small tub that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| urethra | conveys urine from the bladder to the outside of the body |
| vagina | tube that connects the uterus with the vulva; birth canal |
| vasa differentia | spermatic duct of the testicles |
| ventilation | movement of air |
| V/Q ratio | measurement that examines how much gas is moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where perfusion occurs |
| leukocytes | white blood cells; body's immune defense mechanism |
| zygomas | cheek bones |
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