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pbio final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tracheophytes | lignin, branched sporophytes with multiple sporangia, differentiated tissues, reduction of gametophytic generation |
| main groups of seedless vascular plants | rhyniophyta, lycopodiophyta, monilophyta |
| spores are made in | sporangia |
| sporangia are subtended by | sporophylls |
| spores germinate into | gametophytes |
| homosporous plants | most ferns, equisetophytes, some lycophytes - ancestral condition |
| heterosporous plants | few ferns, some lycophytes, seed plants - evolved many times from homospory |
| rhyniophyta | undifferentiated into roots/leaves, homosporous, cuticles and stomata present, terminal sporangia, wet habitats (mud flats, marshes, etc) |
| zosterophyllophyta | early to late devonian, leafless, dichotomously branched, spores arranged laterally, homosporous, ancestors to lycophytes |
| trimerophytophyta | evolved from rhyniophytes, gave rise to ferns and progymnosperms, lacked leaves, lateral branches present, homosporous, over 1 meter tall |
| lycopodiophyta | 1200 extant species, microphylls, club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts |
| lycopodiaceae | homopsorous, worldwide distribution, protostele, micophylls, and sporophylls, bisexual gametophyte |
| selaginellaceae | spike mosses, 750 species, microphylls, heterosporous, male/female gametophytes, biflagellate sperm |
| quillworts | isoetaeae, 150 species, microphylls, heterosporous |
| monilophyta | psilotopsida, polypodiopsida, equestopsida |
| eusporangiate | psilotopsida, equsetopsida |
| leptosporangiate | polypodiopsida |
| polypodiopsida | ophioglossales and psilotales, multiflagellated sperm, heteromorphic leaves |
| equisetopsida | horsetails, eusporangiate, devonian, single extant genus equisetum, homosporous, rhizomatous, megaphylls |
| polypodiopsida | leoptosporangiate ferns, 10,500 species, true root develops and then vanishes, rhizomatous, fronds, circinate venation, sori and indusia, bisexual gametophytes |
| prothallus | gametophyte |
| sporocarps | fertile leaves |
| seed parts | embryo, stored food, seed coat |
| all seed plants have | megaphylls |
| phyla with seeds | coniferophyta, cycadophytra, ginkophyta, gnetophyta, and anthophyta |
| nucellus | retention of the megaspores within the megasporangium |
| Integuments | Develop into the seed coat |
| Gymnosperms | “naked seed” 4 extant phyla: Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta ~365 million years old (progymnosperms) 840–1000 species Microgametophytes and Megagametophytes Together with angiosperms make up the spermatophytes |
| Progymnosperms | Intermediate between seedless vascular plants and seed plants - Eustele - Heterosporous - Reproduced via freely dispersed spores - Produced secondary xylem and phloem =Bifacial vascular cambium |
| Seed ferns | Were first regarded as ferns because of their large pinnately compound leaves, but later found to produce seeds |
| Microgametophytes: pollen | Cycads and Ginkgo have motile sperm (Fig. 18-11) Conifers, gnetophytes, and angiosperms have non-motile sperm Note: no antheridia! More than one egg can become fertilized (polyembryony), but only one survives |
| Coniferophyta | 70 genera, 630 species ~300 million years old Tallest vascular plants (Sequoia sempervirens) Drought resistant: thick cuticle, sunken stomata, thick bark Secondary growth Monophyletic |
| Pinaceae | Adaptations to dry environments |
| Araucariaceae | Monkey puzzles Petrified wood Araucarioxylon arizonicum |
| Cycadophyta | ~250 million years old 11 genera, 300 species palm-like leaves dioecious |
| Coralloid roots | host cyanobacterium, which fixes nitrogen |
| Ginkgophyta | Monotypic ~150 million years old (“living fossil”) ~11 species |
| Gnetophyta | 3 genera (Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia) Monophyletic group Were thought to be closest relatives to angiosperms, all of which is convergent evolution - Broad leaves - Vessel elements - “inflorescences” - loss of archegonia - double fertilization |
| flowers develop into | fruits |
| Fruit | the seed-bearing structure in angiosperms formed from the ovary after flowering. Simpler definition: a mature ovary |
| Seed | a propagating organ formed in the reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms, derived from the ovule and usually consisting of a protective seed coat (rarely absent) formed from the integument or integuments. Simpler definition: a mature ovule |
| Multiple fruits | fruit on a common axis derived from the ovaries of several flower |
| Aggregate fruits | a cluster of fruits formed from the free carpels of one flower. |
| Dry dehiscent fruits | - Capsule - Follicle - Legume - Schizocarp - Silique |
| Capsule | : in an angiosperm, a usually dry fruit formed from two or more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity to release the seeds |
| Follicle | a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from one carpel and dehiscing along a single line of fusion of its edges |
| Legume | the fruit of some Fabaceae, formed from one carpel and dehiscent along one or both sides, explosively so or not, sometimes also used for other fruits in the family whether dehiscent or indehiscent, winged or not, splitting transversely or not |
| Schizocarp | a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from more than one (fused) carpel and breaking apart septicidally into 1-carpellate units (mericarps) when ripe, these containing one (or more) seeds |
| Dry fruit composed of two fused carpels which dehisce from two valves. Fruits of Brassicaceae (the mustards). | |
| Achene | specifically, a dry, indehiscent fruit containing one seed which is free from the pericarp except at the funicular end, more broadly, dry one-seeded fruits in general, whether formed from one or more carpels and superior or inferior ovaries |
| Caryopsis | a dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit in which the seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall, a variant of an achene |
| Nut | a hard, dry, indehiscent fruit formed from two or more carpels but containing only one seed, a rather vague term, and really an achene in the broad sense |
| Samara | dry, indehiscent, winged fruit, modified achene or schizocarp. This term is not used much anymore and of little real use |
| Berry | a usually fleshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit with the seed(s) surrounded by the more or less fleshy tissue of the pericarp |
| Drupe | a succulent fruit having the seed(s) enclosed by a stony endocarp |
| Hesperidium | a berry, as in some Rutaceae, with a moderately tough pericarp and juicy hairs surrounding the seeds |
| Pepo | : berry with a thick (leathery at times) exocarp. Found in Cucurbitaceae. |
| Pome | a fruit consisting of a fleshy enlarged receptacle and a tough central core containing the seeds. Found in Rosaceae. |
| wind dispersal | anemochory |
| water dispersal | hydrochory |
| ballistic dispersal | autochory) - usually seeds being dispersed by mechanisms of the fruit |
| animal dispersal | endozoochory |
| external animal dispersal | epizoochory |
| 1st flower whorl | gynoecium |
| 2nd flower whorl | androecium |
| 3rd flower whorl | corolla |
| 4th flower whorl | calyx |
| Perianth | Collection of sepals and petals; could appear similar or not |
| Tepals | undifferentia ted petals and sepals |
| Calyx | the collection of sepals |
| Sepals | a member of the (usually green) outer whorl of nonfertile parts surrounding the fertile organs of a flower |
| Corolla | the collection of petals |
| Petals | the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs of a flower, usually soft in texture and colored conspicuously |
| Androecium | collection of stamens |
| Stamen | male reproductive structure, microsporophylls that produces pollen |
| Locules | Chambers of the ovary that contain ovules |
| Merosity | Number of parts |
| Perfect flower | Flower that has androecium and gynoecium (hermaphroditic, bisexual) |
| Imperfect flower | Flower that lacks either the androecium or gynoecium (unisexual) |
| Complete flower | Flower that has all four whorls (calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium) |
| Incomplete flower | Flower that lacks one or more whorls (e.g., apetalous) |
| Stamen | male reproductive structure, microsporophylls that produces pollen |
| Microsporogenesis | Development of microspores from microsporocytes |
| Microgametogenesis | the process in plant reproduction where a microgametophyte develops in a pollen grain to the three-celled stage of its development |
| microsporocytes | pollen mother cells (2n), give rise to tetrad of haploid microspores |
| Apertures | respond to environment and from which the pollen tube will emerge |
| Exine | wall constructed of sporopollenin |
| Intine | wall composed of cellulose and pectin |
| Generative cell | gives rise to two sperm cells (note loss of antheridia) |
| Vegetative cell | produces pollen tube |
| Double fertilization | 1. Egg -> zygote -> embryo 2. Polar nuclei -> endosperm |
| Embryo | 2n |
| Endosperm | 3n |
| Sepals | Modified leaves |
| Nectaries | Evolved from many different structures Floral nectaries Postfloral nectaries Offer a reward Nectar: mostly sugars, but other compounds can be included |
| Trends in floral evolution | 1. Fewer parts in definite numbers 2. Shortened floral axis-fused floral parts 3. Superior to inferior ovaries 4. Distinct calyx and corolla 5. Radial to bilateral or zygomorphic symmetry |
| Bee pollination | -Probably most important pollinator -Live on nectar -Feed pollen to young -Bees have also evolve morphologies to collect pollen -Bright flowers, blue or yellow -See in ultraviolet (nectar guides) |
| Buzz pollination | Specific bee pollination syndrome |
| Butterflies & Diurnal Moths | Landing platforms White or pale colors Sweet scent corolla tubes or spurs |
| Bat Pollination | Mostly tropical Copious nectar Dull colors Open at night Strong fermenting, fruitlike, or musky odors |
| Generalists | Many flowers are visited by a host of insects (flies, moths, butterflies, bees, beetles) |
| Flies | Sometimes “generalists” Floral syndrome: rotting meat mimics - Dark red - Molted coloration - Foul odor |
| Bird pollination | Red flowers Tubular flowers Inferior ovaries Copious nectar |
| Beetle pollination | Not associated with any floral syndrome Exception: low growing flowers Probably really important! Sometimes associated with rotting-flesh mimics (reproductive parts have extra protection) |
| Wind pollination | No nectar No specialized color Odorless imperfect flowers |
| Deceptive pollination | Offers a false reward Can be detrimental to the pollinator |
| Preventing self fertilization | Separate the parts Shift them Separate them on the plant Separate them on different plants (dioecious) Genetic controls Separate them in time (dicogamy) |
| Self-incompatible plants | stigma discriminates between self pollen and non-self pollen. |
| Dichogamy | Protandry (male first) Protogyny (female first) |
| Basal grade of angiosperms | “Paleoherbs” Monoaperturate pollen |
| Magnoliids | Numerous, spirally arranged floral parts Mostly woody Monoaperturate pollen |
| Monocots | 3-merous flowers Monoaperturate pollen One cotyledon Parallel leaf venation Vascular bundles scattered No bifacial vascular cambium Sieve-tube plastids with dense proteinaceous inclusions |
| Eudicots | Triaperturate pollen Largest group Includes asterids and rosids |
Created by:
emma.boc
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