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Human Biology Check
Genetics Checklist
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is a DNA molecule structured | Long pyloric twisted like a ladder. Structured as a double-helix with base pairs bonded to sugars via weak hydrogen bonds which can break if required |
| Describe what DNA consists of | Consists of; Sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous Base |
| Identify the four nitrogenous bases | adenine - thymine cytosine - guanine uracil is also a nucleotide that replaces thymine in cases of RNA |
| What is DNA | it is considered the blue-print of life and the instructions for each individual |
| What is gene | segment of DNA that contains the code of a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells |
| What is chromosome | a thread like structure within cells that contains a human gene humans have 46, inheriting 23 from each parent |
| What is the relationship between DNA, Gene, cell nucleus and Chromosome | the cell nucleus holds the DNA, which contains genes, that are organised/compacted into chromosomes, chromosomes contain the genetic information to control an organism's trait and function |
| Explain how DNA is made of genes which commonly codes protein. | DNA is made of genes which a segment contains nucleotides (nitrogenous base, sugar molecule and phosphate). Genes contain the building instructions for protein. |
| Interpret a Human Karyotype (Explain what a normal one looks like) | The arrangement of complete set of chromosomes in pairs of decreasing size. Complete set of chromosomes, to identity abnormalities via size, banding, centromeres position |
| Understand the process of Protein Synthesis | Protein Structure is important for the basic structure of cells enabling organelles to do their jobs (enzymes, haemoglobin, anti-bodies). Protein Synethesis is the process to code for a gene. As DNA is too large to leave nucleus, RNA is created. |
| What are transcription and translation in terms of Protein Synthesis. | Transcription - a process by which the information in DNA is copied into anew molecule of messenger RNA Translation - |
| What is the differences between DNA and RNA | Sugars; DNA - deoxyribose RNA - ribose Contains; DNA - A, T, C, G RNA - A, U, C, G Stranded; DNA - Double RNA - Single |
| List and Explain the stages of Mitosis (PMAT) | Interphase chromosomes becomes visible/divide -> chromatids Prophase centrioles go to poles nuclear membrane disappear Metaphase chromatids line up spindle fibres attaches Anaphase separation single chromatids become chromosomes telophase two |
| What is the purpose of mitosis | it's the process or replication of identical daughter cells that each contain exact copy of the chromosomes of parents. Growth fertilized egg to adult made many cells, Healing wounds, cuts, broken bones with new cells, Replacing dead/damaged cells |
| What is meiosis and how does it relate to the devision of sex cells | Meiosis is a two-stage cell division in sexually producing organisms that produces cells with HALF THE NUMBER of chromosomes as are in the original cell. It for making sex cells (sperm or egg cells). |
| List and Explain the stages of meiosis (PMAT1 +2) | Interphase I Look at the oNOYENOTE AND WITE DOWN FIVE TOMES FO EACH |
| Define terms haploid, diploid, somatic cell and sex cell | Haploid: have only one copy of each chromosome (single) Diploid: they have 2 identical chromosomes (pairs) Somatic cell: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) Sex cell: 23 chromosomes (sperm + egg) gamete |
| Describe the purpose of apoptosis and how it relates to cancer | To prevent a irreparable cell from dividing/duplicating and continuing the cell cycle. Regulate cell cycle. |
| Describe the cell cycle while including DNA replication | cells in our body are constantly dividing to make new cells, they communicate with each other using chems which signal when the cell should start/stop diving Interphase: Growth (G1), DNA Synthesis (S), Growth/prep for Mitosis (G2) Mitosis: m |
| Define allele | Alleles are variations of genes or alternate forms of a gene, they can be dominant or recessive |
| Describe allele in relation to genes and chromosomes | alleles are genes and chromosomes are compacted genes |
| Define and distinguish the term dominant, recessive, homozygous and heterozygous | dominant: a trait that is always expressed physically and need only one copy, overrides recessive recessive: a trait that is masked in the presence of a DOM trait homozygous: heterozygous: |
| Define phenotype and genotype | genotype - a person's allele makes up their genotype phenotype - results from these alleles is called the phenotype |
| Examples of dominant and recessive genes | dominant - brown eyes recessive - blue eyes |
| Predict the ratios of phenotypes and genotypes of offspring | if there is 1 dominant genotype = 50% 2 dominant on same person = 100% 2 dominant separately = 75% 3-4 = 100% |
| Identify if a genotype is homozygous or heterozygous | It is homo if the individual who possess two of the same alleles for a trait (BB, bb) It is hetero if the individual who possess two different alleles for a trait (Bb) |
| Explain genotypes and phenotypes for the ABO blood groups using the terms allele and co-dominance | A and B alleles are co-dominant to each other (co-exist) whereas O is recessive. |
| Differentiate between autosomes and sex chromosomes | Autosomes are not sex-linked chromosomes Sex chromosomes are are sex-linked chromosomes |
| Explain how sex is determined | Males only have one X chromosomes while females have 2 |
| How are sex-linked traits are inherited differently in males and females | Men have a higher chance of getting a recessive ene due to their Y chromosome not holding an allele |
| Explain how sex-linked traits such as haemophilia and red-green blindness are inherited | they are inherited through either the man's single allele or one/two of the two female alleles. If one of the female alleles is the recessive, it may be express in the male, if the man has it, it will be carried |
| Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for sex-linked traits using Punnet Squares | only man dom = 50% show both female dom = 100% show one female dom = 50% one man one female dom = 75% |
| Identify the specific symbols used in constructing pedigrees | male =▢ affected male =▨ male carrier =◩▣ female =◯ affected female =◍ female carrier = ◐◉ |
| Analyse and interpret pedigrees to determine if a trait is dominant or recessive | |
| Analyse and interpret pedigrees to determine if a trait is autosomal or sex-linked | sex chromosomes are sex-linked |
| Analyse and interpret pedigrees to predict whether an individual will inherit a disease | |
| Heredity | is the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next |
| Genetics | is the study of heredity and variation of inherited characteristics |
| Transcription | a process by which the information in DNA is copied into anew molecule of messenger RNA double helix unzipped copy thymine->uracil leaves nucleus -> ribosome |
| Translation | mRNA attaches to ribosome strands of mRNA is read in order to make protein read 3 at once - codons tRNA brings amico acids to ribosome from clytoplasm help make protein three bases -> anti-codons amino acids join in peptide bond protein is formed |
| Meiosis Importance (2) | allows genetic information to be passed from two parents to the offspring. source of variation, the mix in each cell varies. occurs in the reproductive organs of plants and animals (ovaries and testes of animals and ovaries and anther of plants). |
| Cell Cycle | cells in our body are constantly dividing to make new cells, they communicate with each other using chems which signal when the cell should start/stop diving Interphase: Growth (G1), DNA Synthesis (S), Growth/prep for Mitosis (G2) Mitosis: m |
| Tumour | when the cell has an abnormalities and don't know when to start/stop, creates abnormal growth |
| co-domiance | no domiant or recessive allelses phenotypes co-exist spots on cow they do not blend/mix |
| incplete domicnace | neither allele completely masks/hides the other = neither are dom or res, both given capital letters Black (BB) + White (BW) = Grey (BW) Both contribute to phenotype with a blended phenotype |
Created by:
St4dent
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