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microbio exam [pt.3]
lecture 7: bacterial growth
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are essential nutrients? | Substances the organism is unable to synthesize from available nutrients. Must be obtained from the environment. |
| Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients | Maconutrients required in large quantities (protein, carbs). Micronutrients required in small amounts (maganese, zinc, nickel, copper, magnesium) |
| What are the sources of essential nutrients? | Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Trace elements & Organic growth factors |
| Component & source of Carbon | Component for synthesis of organic molecules. Sources: heterotroph uses organic carbon sources and autotroph uses inorganic carbon sources |
| Component & source of Nitrogen | Component of amino acids, nucleic acids & coenzymes. Sources: N2, ammonia, nitrate, organic compounds |
| Component & source of Oxygen | Component of cell material and cell water; final electron acceptor in aerobic resp. Sources: H2O, organic compounds, CO2 and molecular oxygen (O2) |
| Component & source of Hydrogen | Component of organic compounds and cell water. Sources: H2O, organic compounds, and hydrogen gas |
| Component & source of Phosphorus | Component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP and teichoic acids. Sources: inorganic phosphates (PO4) fertilizers |
| Component & source of Sulfur | Component of amino acids, coenzymes. Sources: sulfate, hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, organic sulfur compounds. Contributes to stability of proteins |
| What are Trace elements? | Metal ions required in small amounts, used as cofactors for enzymes. (Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Iron) |
| What are Organic growth factors? | Nitrogenous bases, Amino acids, and Vitamins |
| Function of Nitrogenous bases | synthesis of nucleic acid (for replication) |
| Function of Amino acids | synthesis of proteins |
| Function of Vitamins | coenzymes and functional groups of enzymes |
| Metabolic diversity among organisms | [Energy & Carbon source] Photoautotroph=Light & CO2, Photoheterotroph=Light & Organic compounds, Chemoautotroph=Inorganic compounds & CO2, Chemoheterotroph=Organic compounds & Organic compounds |
| Define Saprophytes | decompose dead organic matter |
| Define Parasites | obtain nutrients from living host, capable of living on or in the body, capable of killing or not killing but always causes harm to the host |
| Define Ectoparasites | live on the body |
| Define Endoparasites | live in tissues or organs |
| Define Intracellular parasites | live inside cells |
| Define Obligate parasites | parasites unable to grow outside of a living host |
| Temp. requirement for Psychrophiles | Cold loving Arctic and Antarctic bacteria. Cannot grow above 20C |
| Temp. requirement for Psychotrophs | Capable of growth at 0C but optimum growth at 20C. Causes food born illness and food spoilage |
| Temp. requirement for Mesophiles | Moderate temperature loving (20-40C). Optimum growth at 36.6C (human body temp). Found in soil, water, animals. Most common spoilage and pathogenic bacteria |
| Temp. requirement for Thermophiles | Heat loving (45-70C). Found in hot springs, sun-bakes soils and compost heaps |
| Temp. requirement for Hyperthermophiles | Domain Archaea, optimum growth at 80-110C and above. Found in deep sea volcanic vents and hot springs |
| Oxygen requirement for Obligate aerobes | Require O2 for aerobic respiration to produce ATP. Uses O2 as final electron acceptor |
| Oxygen requirement for Obligate anaerobes | O2 is toxic (kills or inhibits their growth). Respire by processes that produce ATP but do not require atmospheric O2 |
| Oxygen requirement for Facultative anaerobes | Under anaerobic conditions, grow by fermentation or anaerobic resp. In presence of O2, switch to aerobic resp. Grows best in presence of O2. |
| Oxygen requirement for Aerotolerant anaerobes | Exclusively anaerobic metabolism, live by fermentation with or without O2 |
| Oxygen requirement for Microaerophiles | Aerobic, require O2 for growth but in low concentrations. Does not grow in anaerobic environments |
| Toxic derivatives of O2 | superoxide dismutase coverts superoxide ions to hydrogen perioxide which is broken down by catalase and peroxidase |
| pH requirement of bacteria, molds & yeast | bacteria grow between pH 6.5 and 7.5. molds & yeast grow between pH 5 and 6 |
| pH of Acidophiles | Optimum pH below 5.5 |
| pH of Neutrophiles | Optimum pH 7 (most bacteria) |
| pH of Alkalophiles | Optimum pH above 8.5 |
| Enviromental growth factors of microorganisms are.. | Temperature, Oxygen requirements, pH requirements and Osmotic pressure |
| Define Osmotic pressure | Enviroments containing large concentrations of dissolved substances draw water out of cell |
| Define Plasmolysis | Cytoplasm volume shrinks and plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall due to water leaving the cell |
| Osmotic pressure of Non-halophiles | Will plasmolyze in sea water (mostly fresh water and soil bacteria) |
| Osmotic pressure of Halotolerant | Do not require but tolerate up to 10% NaCl concentraion (Staphylococcus aureus) |
| Osmotic pressure of Halophiles | Require 6-15% NaCl ions for growth (marine bacteria) |
| Osmotic pressure of Extreme Halophiles | Require 15-30% NaCl ions for growth (many Archaeans) |
| Define Food preservation | Perserving food by drying (in sunlight or by evaportaion) or by adding high concentration of salk or sugar to cause plasmolysis |
| What is Binary fission | when one cell divides into 2 genetically identical cells of the same size. asexual form of division |
| What is Bacterial growth | Increase in number of cells |
| Lag phase of Bacterial growth | No cell division. Physical adaption to new environment |
| Log (exponential) phase of Bacterial growth | Pattern of balance growth, cells are diving at a constant rate (rapid growth) |
| Stationary phase of Bacterial growth | Growth rates slows down and cells start to die at the same rate they are dividing (steady rate) |
| Death phase of Bacterial growth | Cell population starts to decline and cells die at faster rate then thay are dividing (rapid decline) |
Created by:
jnguyen
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