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Unit 2- Genetics
7th Grade Unit 2- Genetics and Inherited Traits
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | Smallest structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organism. |
| Daughter Cell | The result of Mitosis that results in two cells having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell. |
| Sexual Reproduction | Type of reproduction by which offspring arise from two parents. |
| Asexual Reproduction | Type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism and is produced by mitosis in which the offspring inherit the genes of only one parent. |
| Offspring | The product of reproduction. |
| Genetically Identical | Offspring is uniform or an exact copy of the parent. |
| Chromosomes | Thread-like molecules that carry heredity information that are made of protein and one molecule of DNA and most have arranged pairs within the nucleus of the cell. |
| Gene | Basic physical and functional unit of heredity which is made up of DNA. |
| Binary Fission | Fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two new cells, common in prokaryotes, and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes. |
| Diverse Offspring | The products of Sexual Reproduction that have a genetically unique combination of DNA from both parents. |
| Uniform Offspring | The products of Asexual Reproduction that have genetically identical DNA from a single parent. |
| Unicellular | Organism that is composed of only one cell. |
| Multicellular | Organism that is composed of multiple cells working together. |
| Fertilization | When a sperm enters an ova. |
| Budding | Offspring grows out of the body of the parent (buds). |
| Heredity | The transfer of traits from one generation to another generation. |
| Mutation | A change that occurs in the DNA sequence that are essential to evolution which is the raw material of genetic variation. |
| Vegetative Reproduction | A process by which new organisms arise without production of seeds or spores. |
| Fragmentation | The body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces where each piece can produce an offspring. |
| Regeneration | If a piece of a parent is detached, it can grow and develop into a completely new offspring. |
| Punnett Squares | A diagram used by geneticists to determine the probability (chance) of an offspring having a particular phenotype. |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism. (BB, Bb, bb) |
| Phenotype | The appearance of an organism based on its genotype, plus environmental factors. |
| Allele | Variants (differences) in a gene that occurs on a fixed spot on a chromosome. |
| Heterozygous | Carries two different alleles (Bb). |
| Homozygous Dominant | Carries two copies of the same dominant allele (BB). |
| Homozygous Recessive | Carries two copies of the same recessive allele (bb). |
| Gregor Mendel | The “father of modern genetics”, born in 1822, a monk, in Austria Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments with pea plants. |
| Dominant Traits | Traits that hide other traits when passed on to offspring, and shows its specific trait even if only one parent passed the gene to the child. |
| Recessive Traits | Traits that get hidden by dominant traits, and shows its specific trait when both parents pass the gene to the child. |
| Probability | A chance of something being true and can be expressed as a percentage. |
| Inherited Trait | A characteristic or features of one organism that are inherited (passed from parent to offspring). |
| Heredity | The transfer of traits from one generation to another generation. |
| Genetics | The study of heredity, which is a biological process where a parent passes certain genes onto their offspring. |
| Chromosomes | Thread-like structures that are found in the nucleus of a cell that contains all DNA, each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of DNA, and comes in matching sets of two. |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms that contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique, and determines how the cells in a body will function. |
| Acquired Traits | Physical characteristic of an organism that is not passed down to offspring genetically, which is a learned trait, and is a product of the environment’s influence on the organism. |
| inbreeding | the crossing of two individuals with similar characteristics |
| Selective Breeding | choosing two organisms of the same species and mating them with the hope of getting the best qualities of each parent to show up in the offspring |
| Pedigree | a chart or family tree that tracks which members of a family have a certain trait |
| Genetic Engineering | a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. |
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PGM 7 SCI
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