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Micro-U-8,9,10,11
TCC Microbiology (BIOL2164) Unit 3: Topic 8, 9, 10, and 11. Info from BB quizzes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is a group of single-celled eukaryotes that lack cell walls and utilize a variety of structures for motility? | Protozoa |
| Which of the following groups is associated with the production of an important greenhouse gas? | Methanogens |
| What is unusual about the mycoplasmas? | They do not have cell walls. |
| ___________ is a pathogenic spirochete responsible for syphilis. | Treponema pallidium |
| A mass of entertwined fungal hyphae visible to the naked eye is called a(n): | Mycelium |
| Groups of helminths | Tapeworms, flukes, nematodes |
| Which of the following bacterial groups is known for its production of various toxins and endospores? | Clostridia |
| Membrane lipids with branched hydrocarbon chains are associated with the: | Archaea |
| Corynebacterium do not use... | Budding |
| Which group of algae is most similar to plants in terms of their cell wall composition and the type of chlorophyll they possess? | Green algae |
| Phosphate inclusions known as metachromatic granules are readily visible under the light microscope after staining and are characteristic of members of the genus _______________. | Corynebacterium |
| The roots of vascular plants form associations with fungi called ________, which assist them with absorption of water and minerals from the soil. | Mycorrhizae |
| Why are members of the bacterial genus Rhizobium important? | They perform symbiotic nitrogen-fixation. |
| Agar is derived from the cell walls of which of the following? | Red algae |
| Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is performed by members of the genus ___________, which form nodules in the roots of certain plants | Rhizobium |
| Diseases such as scarlet fever, "flesh-eating" disease, and pharyngitis are associated with which of the following genera? | Streptococcus |
| Which of the following statements accurately represents the defining characteristic that distinguishes protozoa from animals? | Protozoa are single-celled organisms whereas animals are multicellular. |
| All members of the Phylum Proteobacteria are __________ bacteria. | Gram-negative |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of algae? | They can be unicellular or multicellular. |
| Endospores are associated with which of the following bacterial genera? | Clostridium |
| Protozoan conjugation is a mechanism for: | Sexual reproduction |
| Diatoms have cell walls composed of: | Silica |
| Lichen are an association between fungi and which of the following? | Green algae or cyanobacteria |
| Mushrooms (both edible and non-edible) and shelf fungi belong to the division: | Basidiomycota |
| Which of the following bacterial genera is an important source of antibiotics? | Streptomyces |
| Associations between fungi and photosynthetic microbes like cyanobacteria and green algae are called __________________ | Lichens |
| Protozoan merozoites are produced asexually through a process known as: | Schizogony |
| Clostridium does NOT include... | Flesh-eating disease |
| The __________ are fungi that can reproduce via sexual spores sometimes found within fruiting bodies that we call "mushrooms." | Basidiomycetes |
| Yeasts are _____ and classified as _________. | Eukaryotic; fungi |
| The process by which some microbes convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia is called _________. | Nitrogen fixation |
| Schizogony is an asexual reproductive process associated with some: | Protozoa |
| A flexible, spiral-shaped bacterium is called a(n): | Spirochete |
| Archaea are rarely pathogenic to... | Humans and Animals |
| Which of the following staining procedures is diagnostic for members of the bacterial genus Mycobacterium? | the acid-fast stain |
| Mycoplasmas are NOT... | Extremophiles |
| A tapeworm's "head" is referred to as the ______. | Scolex |
| What is unusual about the mycoplasmas? | They do not have cell walls |
| Which of the following bacterial genera protects areas of the body such as the intestinal tract and the vagina from invasion by pathogens? | Lactobacillus |
| E. coli is a member of the domain _________. | Bacteria |
| All of the following are sexual spores of fungi EXCEPT: | Conidiospores |
| A monolayer might be found in which of the following? | An archaea |
| A fungus that has both single- and multicellular vegetative forms would be called ___________. | Dimorphic |
| Fungal hyphae that lack walls between adjacent cells are referred to as: | Coenocytic |
| Fragmentation is an asexual reproductive strategy employed by: | Fungi |
| A macroscopic "mat" or "web" of interwoven fungal hyphae is called a(n): | Mycelium |
| A palisades arrangement is associated with which of the following? | Corynebacterium sp. |
| The active feeding stage in the lifecycle of a protozoan is called the: | Trophozoite |
| Hyphae are associated with which of the following? | Molds |
| Which of the following reproductive methods is NOT utilized by molds? | Budding |
| Helminths that have long, segmented, and flat bodies are called: | Tapeworms |
| Which group of algae includes the giant kelp? | Brown algae |
| Ulcers are associated with a species of: | Helicobacter |
| Which of the following is an animal? | Helminth |
| Differences in percent G+C in the genome can still be used to divide the ________into taxonomically coherent groups. | Gram-positive bacteria |
| _______species of helminths have male and female genders. | Dioecious |
| Why are the deeply branching bacteria so named? | They represent the earliest evolutionary divergence from the LUCA |
| Helminths that are unsegmented, ovular, and have oral suckers called: | Flukes |
| "Phages" are: | Viruses that infect bacteria |
| Bacteriophages contain a gene encoding for lysozyme, an enzyme that damages bacterial..... | Cell walls |
| Viral genomes are known to exist in all of the following forms EXCEPT: | DNA/RNA hybrid |
| "Mad cow" disease is caused by a(n): | Prion |
| The delta agent is a defective virus that is incapable of replication unless the host cell is already infected by the hepatitis B virus. The delta agent is thus considered to be a | Satellite |
| Prions are infectious agents composed solely of: | Protein |
| The overall morphology of a bacteriophage is: | Complex |
| All of the following might be produced during the biosynthesis phase of a bacteriophage's replication cycle EXCEPT: | An envelope |
| When entering the lysogenic cycle, bacteriophage replication stops after which of the following steps? | Penetration |
| ____ utilize antibodies to detect the presence of viruses in patient samples. | EIAs |
| The clumping of red blood cells due to the presence of a virus is called: | Hemagglutination |
| The first virus to be identified was isolated from a _____ | Plant |
| A virus that infects bacteria is called a(n): | Bacteriophage |
| The term ____ refers to viral specificity for a given type of host cell. | Tropism |
| A virion that is surrounded by a "stolen" portion of membrane from a host cell is said to be: | Enveloped |
| Which of the following is an example of a NAAT? | Using PCR to detect the presence of a viral DNA in patient tissue |
| Clear areas on a seeded bacterial lawn resulting from bacteriophage activity are called: | Plaques |
| Damage to DNA caused by exposure to UV light can sometimes cause a latent prophage to be excised from the bacterial chromosome and return to an active lytic cycle. This process is known as: | Induction |
| A bacterium exhibits a phenotypic change after the genome of a prophage has been integrated into its chromosome. This phenomenon is known as: | Lysogenic conversion |
| Which of the following viruses creates an intermediary DNA molecule reverse-transcribed from its RNA genome? | Retrovirus |
| Antiviral treatments that lack side effects are difficult to develop primarily because ______ | Viruses employ host cells for replication |
| Which of the following groups of viruses is replicated in the cell's nucleus? | dsDNA viruses |
| The protective protein shell of a virus is called the: | Capsid |
| Why do viruses have to infect host cells? | They are dependent on the host cell's structures and enzymes for their replication. |
| Viruses were discovered by: | Ivanovski |
| During the intracellular state, a virus exists solely as: | Nucleic Acid |
| Prions cause disease because they interfere with which of the following phenomena? | Protein folding |
| A virus that is unable to replicate within a host cell unless the cell is simultaneously infected with another specific virus is called a(n): | Satellite |
| The name "Adenovirus" refers to a specific viral _______ | Genus |
| ____________ is the phase of the viral growth curve during which viruses have penetrated host cells, but no extracellular virions are yet detectable | Eclipse |
| Animal viruses such as chickenpox and herpes viruses can become dormant in infected cells; this phenomenon is known as __________________ | Latency |
| The enzyme lysozyme is critical for which of the stage of the bacteriophage replication cycle? | Lysis |
| During the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages, viral DNA is integrated into the host cell's chromosome. This integrated viral DNA is referred to as a: | Prophage |
| Viruses belong to which of the three domains? | Viruses are not classified within a domain |
| Viral spikes are ligands that bind to specific receptors on host cells during the attachment phase of the replication cycle. The spikes of an enveloped animal virus are found on the viral ____________ | Envelope |
| Which type of virus requires reverse transcriptase during its replication cycle? | Retrovirus |
| The genome of which type of virus can act directly as mRNA and be translated to yield protein | +ssRNA |
| Why is lysogeny advantageous to a bacteriophage | The genetic material of the phage can be passed on to future generations of cells |
| Using PCR to detect viral DNA in host tissue is an example of a(n) | NAAT |
| Which of the following would NOT be found as a component of a bacteriophage | Envelope |
| Cold sores reappear periodically whenever the infected human host comes under some form of stress. This is because cold sores are caused by a _________ virus | Latent |
| Observable cellular abnormalities due to viral infection are called | Cytopathic effects |
| The process by which some viruses can inadvertently transfer host DNA from one cell to another is called ____________________ | Transduction |
| The term __________ refers to the number of virions released from an infected host cell when it lyses | Burst size |
| _________ viruses are among the largest known, approaching the size of the smallest prokaryotic cells | Pox |
| Taxonomic groupings of closely-related viral genera are called ____________________, and are given names ending with the suffix -viridae | Families |
| Animal viruses can be cultured in the laboratory using all of the following EXCEPT: | Sterile agar plates |
| Betadine is an example of which of the following? | Halogen |
| A ________ treatment would temporarily inhibit growth of bacteria. | Bacteristatic |
| An experimental disinfectant has a phenol coefficient of 10 against Staphylococcus aureus. What is the most accurate interpretation of this data? | The disinfectant is 10 times more effective than phenol. |
| Which of the following would NOT be bacteriostatic? | Autoclaving |
| Zones of inhibition observed on agar plates are associated with: | Disk-diffusion assays |
| Which of the following are protected when using a class I BSC? Choose ALL correct answers: | The environment and the researcher |
| All of the following are examples of ionizing radiation EXCEPT: | Ultraviolet light |
| Lysol is an example of which of the following groups of chemical antimicrobial agents? | Phenolics |
| All of the following can achieve sterilization EXCEPT: | Lyophilization |
| All of the following have modes of action involving protein denaturation EXCEPT: | Surfactants |
| Pressurized steam is used to kill microbes in a(n) ____________. | Autoclave |
| The D-value for an antimicrobial treatment indicates | The time required to reduce the microbial population by 90% |
| Which of the following procedures is used to test the effectiveness of disinfectants applied to surfaces? | Use-dilution test |
| The lowest temperature required to kill all cells in a broth suspension in 10 minutes is the: | Thermal death point |
| Which of the following could be safely utilized as an antiseptic? | 70% ethanol |
| Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is most effective as an antimicrobial agent when used at a concentration of: | 70% |
| Liquid nitrogen has a temperature of: | -196oC |
| Sterilization using dry heat requires ______ time and/or ______ temperature as compared to moist-heat sterilization methods. | more; higher |
| A nurse prepares an area of skin for injection by wiping it with an alcohol-soaked pad. Which of the following decontamination strategies is being employed? | Degerming |
| scCO2 is lethal to cells because: | They lower ph |
| Laboratory and home refrigerators have temperatures in the range of: | 0 to 7* C |
| Which of the following is NOT a reliable means of achieving sterilization? | Sonication |
| Chemical agents that are capable of killing most vegetative microbes on a fomite are called: | Disinfectants |
| High temperatures are associated with all of the following microbial control methods EXCEPT: | Lyophilization |
| Which of the following devices is used to sterilize items by exposure to moist heat? | An Autoclave |
| Which of the following are commonly used to disinfect air? | HEPA filters and UV light |
| Membrane filters used to eliminate bacteria 9and larger microbes) have a pore size of ______uM | 0.2 |
| Gamma irradiation is a _____method of decontamination | Physical |
| All of the following antimicrobial agents are capable of disrupting the cell membrane EXCEPT: | Halogens |
| All of the following microbial control methods are microbiostatic EXCEPT: | Ionizing radiation |
| All of the following can achieve sterilization EXCEPT: | Lyophilization |
| Soaps and detergents are capable of killing some m microbes by disrupting the structure(s) of __________. | membranes |
| All of the following statements concerning autoclaving are true EXCEPT: | Containers should be tightly sealed during autoclaving to ensure their contents are sterilized. |
| Which of the following processes would be stringent enough to eliminate bacterial endospores? | Sterilization |
| Which of the following chemical agents is associated with the embalming of human remains? | Formaldehyde |
| The time required to kill all microbes suspended in a broth at a given temperature is called the ____________. | Thermal death time |
| Many food preservatives are: | Organic acids |
| Cell lysis due to cavitation is associated with which of the following treatments? | Sonication |
| Ultra-high temperature pasteurization | |
| All of the following antimicrobial agents function by chemically cross-linking and inactivating proteins and nucleic acids EXCEPT: | Peracetic acid |
| Which of the following are protected when using a class II BSC? Choose ALL correct answers: | The product, the environment, the researcher |
| Which form of radiation results in the formation of pyrimidine dimers? | UV |
| The term "sterilization" applies to the removal of all of the following EXCEPT: | Prions |
| Which of the following antimicrobial agents is the most toxic to humans? | Alkylating agents |
| Which of the following would likely be the BEST choice for sterilizing a mattress? | Ethylene oxide |
| Ultra-low freezers used for cryogenic storage of microbes have temperatures less than: | -70* |
| An antimicrobial agent that disrupts cellular membranes would also damage ___________> | The viral envelope |
| Penicillin's mode of action is: | Interference with cell wall synthesis |
| Which of the following drugs is used to treat fungal infections? | Nystatin |
| Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on which of the following types of microbes? | Bacteria |
| Which of the following drugs is used to treat helminth infections? | Ivermectin |
| The "magic bullets" developed by Ehrlich for the treatment of syphilis were actually: | Arsenic compounds |
| All of the following are mechanisms by which a resistance gene could be spread throughout a bacterial population EXCEPT: | Amination |
| It is inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat colds or flu because: | These diseases are caused by viruses |
| Paul Ehrlich was responsible for initiating which of the following sub disciplines of microbiology? | Chemotherapy |
| The majority of naturally-occurring antibiotics have been discovered from microbes found in________. | Soil |
| Which of the following can contribute to antimicrobial drug resistance? | Not finishing a prescription for an antimicrobial Self-prescribing an antimicrobial Skipping doses of an antimicrobial (All of the above) |
| A series of broth dilution tests is used in which of the following? | MIC |
| All of the following drugs affect the proper function of the ribosome EXCEPT: | Polymyxin |
| Scientist who discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin. | Fleming |
| Which of the following antimicrobials is an anti fungal agent that interferes with membrane structure? | Amphotericin B |
| The majority of antimicrobial agents are _________. | Antibacterial |
| The first widely used synthetic antimicrobial agent was: | Sulfanilamide |
| Which of the following classes of antimicrobial drugs interferes with folic acid biosynthesis in bacteria? | Sulfonamides |
| Which of the following routes of administration produces the highest sustained blood concentration of a drug? | Intravenous |
| Which of the following are microbes commonly involved in superinfections? | Candida albican and Clostridium difficile |
| Which of the following results from the action of cell wall-inhibiting antimicrobials? | Cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure |
| The E-test determines which of the following? | Susceptibility and MIC |
| Which of the following "superbugs" is resistant to rifampin and isoniazid? | MDR-TB |
| Beta-lactamases are an example of which of the following mechanisms of resistance? | Deactivation of an antimicrobial drug |
| Which of the following drugs is used to treat protozoan infections? | Chloroquine |
| All of the following drugs inhibit protein synthesis EXCEPT: | Ciprofloxacin |
| AZT is used to treat HIV. This drug acts by: | Inhibiting nuclei acid synthesis |
| An MBC test is performed to determine: | The minimum drug concentration required to kill a pathogen |
| The type of antimicrobial drug that would be least toxic to humans is a drug that: | inhibits cell wall synthesis |
| If a patient is immunocompromised, it is important that a ________ drug be prescribed to treat a bacterial infection. | Bacteriocidal |
| The term "resistant" is used to describe the ___________. | Pathogen |
| Which of the following events could be responsible for the acquisition of an antibiotic resistance gene by a bacterium? | Conjugation Transformation Transduction (All of the Above) |
| A patient develops a severe intestinal infection as a result of antibiotic therapy for a respiratory infection. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this occurred? | The antibiotic has disrupted the normal microbiota of the intestine. |
| If you are given a single injection of an antibiotic in your upper arm near your shoulder to treat an infection, then you have been administered an antimicrobial drug via the ______route. | Intramuscular |
| The bacterial enzyme DNA gyros is a target of which of the following drugs? | Fluoroquinolones |
| Which of the following antimicrobial targets is most similar in both bacteria and humans? | DNA |
| AZT is used to treat HIV. This drug acts by: | Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis |
| Which of the following bacteria are responsible for a superinfection called pseudomembranous colitis? | Clostridium difficile |
| Some drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria can also be harmful to humans. Why? | Eukaryotic mitochondria have 70s ribosomes |
| Which of the following is NOT an ESKAPE pathogen? | Escherichia coli |
| Tetracycline's mode-of-action is: | Interferes with protein synthesis |
| The majority of naturally-occurring antibiotics have been discovered from microbes found in ________. | Soil |
| Which of the following results from action of cell wall-inhibiting antimicrobials? | Cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure |
Created by:
taylore.williamson
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