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PSYCH Ch 14-20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What ages do adulthood include? | 18 - 65 |
| ___________ is the ability to accept responsibility for ones actions, delay gratification and make priorities | maturity |
| What does emotional development of the young adult center on? | learning to function within a stressful environment |
| What does positively used stress do for young adults? | motivates them to achieve their goals |
| In later adulthood what does emotional development deal with? | the struggle to see oneself age |
| What does intellecetual development focus on in the young adult's life? | ability to solve intellectual and abstract problems |
| What does social development of the young adult focus on? | interactions and relationships with others |
| What are the 3 C's of social tasks of adults? | commitment, communication and compromise |
| Adults withgood mental health are able to do what? | adapt to life's changes |
| What factors influence child rearing practices? | family relations, financial status, health practices, housing, parenting style, socialization with others, spiritual beliefs, type of discipline |
| __________ is the lack of resources necessary for reasonable and comfortable living. | poverty |
| What is social isolation? | lack of meaningful interactions with others |
| What are the developmental tasks of young adults? | chooosing a careero rvocation, establishing LT goals, and committing to personal relationships with others |
| An individual must have a strong sense of______________ he or she learns to form close personal relationships. | personal identity |
| What are some environmental problems facing adults today? | lack of education, poverty, homelessness, substance abuse and minimal social support |
| What is the term for an anxiety related condition caused by the fear of AIDS? | AFRAIDS |
| T or F: Most elders live in nursing homes | false |
| What is ageism? | sterotyping older persons as feeble, dependent and non-productive |
| What affects the aging process? | genetics, physical and mental health, lifestyle practices and attitude |
| What is another term for 'state of wholeness' | integrity |
| T or F: Sexuality is not an important factor for older adults | false |
| What is personality? | behavioral traits that make one a unique individual |
| What is reasoning? | ability to solve problems and make choices, comparisons and judgements |
| _______________ is the ability to relate to and store, and retrieve information | information processing |
| What is hoarding? | selecting and saving assorted seemingly useless items |
| __________ si defines as any action that takes advantage of an older person, his or her emotional well being, or property | elder abuse |
| What characteristics does an elder abused individual have? | woman, 75 years of age, with physical or mental problems living with a relative |
| What is the picture of depression for the older adult? | the future holds no joy, the possiblity of suffering more tomorrow than today |
| Signs and symptoms of depression in elders mimics what other medical problem? | dementia |
| What drugs(classes) are associated with elder depression? | cardiovasculars, anticancers, psychotropics, hormones and anti-inflammatory agents |
| What are the physical s/sx of depression in the elder person? | muscle aches, abd. pain, dry mouth and headache |
| What emotional s/sx of depression present in the elder person? | fatigue, lack of interest, incr. anxiety, inability to experience pleasure, uselessness, helplessness, hopelessness |
| What does validation therapy include with the elder? | eye contact, touch, mirroring body movements, matching voice patterns, empathy, listening, acceptance |
| What is the special ingredient for therapeutic care for the elder client? | respect |
| What is a functional assessment? | an analysis of the client's ability to performm the ADLs |
| ___________ is a natural part of the aging process relating to the inability to recall certain details or events | Memory loss |
| What is the most common side effect of long term antipsychotic meds in elders? | movment disorders, TD and cognitive deficits |
| What are the problems with the elderly regarding housing? | they range from too much house to having none at all |
| What is one of the greatest metnal health challenges that elders face? | coping with the loss of loved ones and friends |
| What is one of the most common mental health disorders of late adulthood? | depression |
| What do those with hearing problems miss? | the richness of sound and speech |
| ___________ is the change of consciousness that occurs quickly | delirium |
| What is the onset of delirium? | rapid, hours to days |
| Is delirium reversible? | yes, if treated early |
| What are the 4 areas of assessment for delirium? | onset/course, attention, thinking, LOC |
| What is the treatment for delirium? | it depends on the cause, treat the source |
| T or F: clients who have delirium should be talked out of their delusions | false |
| ______________ is the loss of multiple abilities, including memory, language and the ability to think and understand | dementia |
| What is the cause of dementia? | HAH! gotcha---there are over 60 causes pick one! page 170 in your text |
| What are the 2 most common types of dementia? | vascular and Alzheimer's disease |
| How does vascular dementia occur? | as a complication of cardiovascular disease |
| What is the onset of dementia? | slow and gradual |
| What is sundowners? | a group of behaviors characterized by confusion, agitation, and disruptive actions |
| What is the cause of sundowners? | cause is unknown |
| _____________ is the progressive, degerative disorder that affects brain cells and results in impaired memory, thinking, and behavior. | Alzheimer's disease |
| On autopsy how does the brain appear in one with AD? | with abnormal tangles of nerve fibers and filled with clusters of nerve endings that have degenerated |
| What is the affective loss with AD? | the slow drain of personality |
| What is the conative loss with AD? | inability to carry out plans for simple activities |
| Minor anxieties can cause what with AD? | catastrophic reaction |
| What happens when a person who has AD has a catastrophic reaction? | the have increased confusion, agitation, and fear whey may wander, become noisy, act compulsively or behave violently |
| When does the early stage of AD begin? | with the loss of recent memory |
| In the intermediate stage happens with recall in AD? | they cannot recall any recent events or process new information |
| What is aphasia? | loss of language |
| What is apraxia? | loss of ability to perform dialy actions, activities |
| What is visual agnosia? | loss of recognition of previously known or familiar people and objects |
| What is the sever stage of AD characterized by? | the inability to do anything |
| What neurotransmitter is decreased in people with AD? | acetylcholine |
| What drug class is used to help prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine? | cholinesterase inhibitors |
| When are cholinesterase inhibitors used? | in mild to moderate AD usually 3 to 6 years after diagnosis |
| In mid and late stages of AD what is a serious and common problem ? | wandering |
| ______________ is the feeling of uneasiness, uncertainty and helplessness. | anxiety |
| What are the 3 anxiety types? | signal, anxiety state and anxiety trait |
| What is signal anxiety? | learned response to an anticipated event |
| What is an anxiety state? | when an individual's coping abilities become overwhelmed and emotional control is lost |
| What is an anxiety trait? | learned component of personality, reacting with anxiety in a low stress situation |
| What are coping mechanisms used for? | to decrease discomfort |
| If coping mechanisms are used to an extreme what happens? | serious mental and physical health problems can result |
| What do spiritual coping mechanisms include? | faith, prayer, and ritual |
| What are defense mechanisms? | psychological strategies that help to lessen anxious feelings |
| When does a crisis occur? | when one's ability to cope with anxiety becomes overwhelmed |
| What happens with too little anxiety? | a person will have lack of attention or focus when it is important |
| What happens when an individual has too much anxiety? | they can become overwhelmed and become immobilized to the point of not accomplishing important tasks |
| According to Freud why does anxiety occur? | when a conflict between opposing forces within the personality |
| Neurotic or maladaptive behaviors are the result of what? | attempts to defend oneself against anxiety (according to Freud) |
| In the interpersonal model how is anxiety explained? | interms of interactions with others |
| What does the behavioral model consider anxiety? | as a learned resonse |
| How do children learn to cope with anxiety? | by watching and imitating others |
| When do infants become anxious? | when their needs are not immediately met |
| When do toddlers become anxious? | when they perceive something bigger or more ferocious than they is capable of harming them |
| What does anxiety in school children revolve around? | separation from security of parents |
| What behaviors seem to soothe a child and relieve them of anxiety? | thumb sucking, nail biting, hair pulling, and rhythmic body movements |
| When is separation anxiety diagnosed? | when children are unable to be without their parents for any lenght of time and experience severe anxiety and panic |
| What is an avoidance behavior? | the child refuses to cope with the anxiety-producing situation by ignoring it |
| How do adults handle anxiety? | by using earlier established coping mechanisms |
| After a traumatic event if stress is unresolved what may occur? | PTSD |
| How do elders express anxiety? | they deny and somatize |
| What behaviors are indicative of anxiety in elders? | changes in eating, sleeping, and ability to concentrate |
| When does an anxiety disorder exist? | when anxiety is expressed in ineffective or maladaptive ways and one's coping mechanisms and behaviors do not sucessfully relieve the stress |
| When is a generalized anxiety disorder diagnosed? | when an individual's anxiety is broad, long lasting, and excessive |
| What do children with generalized anxiety worry about? | school performance and social interactions |
| What is a panic attack? | brief period of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by various physical and emotional reactions |
| What is agorophobia? | anxiety about possible situations in which a panic attack may occur |
| What do agorophobes avoid? | people, places, or events from which escape would be difficult or embarassing |
| What is a phobia? | internal fear reaction |
| What do phobias involve? | specific situations, objects or occurrences |
| How do phobias differ from common fears? | phobias are obsessive in nature, people with phobias dwell on the object of fear |
| What is an obsession? | distressing persistent thought it must be inappropriate and distressing |
| What is a compulsion? | distressing recurring behavior that must be performed to reduce anxiety |
| What is OCD? | obsessive compulsive disorder |
| What are addictive behaviors (examples) | gambling, shopping, working or excessive sexual activity |
| What is a traumatic stress reaction? | series of behavioral and emotional responses following an overwhelmingly stressful event |
| Who is at risk for traumatic stress reaction? | those with mental health problems, victims of spouse abuse, sexual assault, violence |
| What is PTSD? | reliving of the traumatic even or situation |
| What is a flashback? | vivid recollections of the event where the individual relives the experience |
| What is the most effective way to cope with anxiety? | prevent it |
| What is one of the first priorities of care for one with anxiety? | protect the client from injury to self and others |
| ___________ is a dynamic state of physical, mental and social well being | Health |
| __________ is a state of imbalance | Illness |
| What are the 5 stages of the illness experience? | 1. symptoms 2. sick role 3. medical care 4. dependency 5. recovery and rehabilitation |
| When does the illness experience begin? | When a person becomes aware that something is not right either physically or emotionally |
| The person in step 2 of the illness experience has 2 options regarding their illness what are they? | the individual assumes the sick role or continues to deny the illness |
| What role is assumed in which one must rely on the kindess and energies of others? | a dependent role |
| What are the behavioral and emotional changes associated with illness? | anxiety, anger, denial , shock and withdrawal |
| What is denial? | a psychological defense mehcanism used to ward off the painful feelins associated with problems. |
| How is denial helpful? | when it allows the time to collect and reorganize thoughts and plans |
| When can denial be deadly? | when it clouds judgments and prevents individuals from taking the needed steps to restore themselves to health |
| What is a situational crisis? | it is a crisis that relates to external or environmental problems |
| What are the stages of hospitalization? | overwhelmed, stabilization, adaptation |
| What are some ways that an inpatient psychiatric admission differs from an inpatient hospital stay? | family and client must cope with the stigma of the psych stay, they must deal with the dx label that follows them |
| What is the first place to start in meeting the emotional nees of ill persons? | good physical care |
| Who defined stress as the individuals cognitive evaluation of the situation and the importance he or she attaches to it? | Lazarus (p197 text) |
| What is pain defined as? | the unpleasant senstation of nerve endings being stimulated |
| What is health defined as? | a dynamic state of physical, mental and social well being |
| Illness is an ____________process . | abnormal |
| ________________ _____________ is the early identification of and interention for possible problems following hospitalization. | discharge planning |
| What are the 2 classifications of loss? | external and internal losses |
| What do external losses include? | losses outside the individual ie. objects, possessions, the environment, loved ones and support |
| What are internal lossses? | include the losses that involve some part of oneself |
| What are the 2 states of loss? | actual or potential |
| How is a loss defined? | it depends on the value of the item to the individual |
| When do situational losses occur? | in response to external events. |
| How do infants show reaction to loss? | they show little as long as their basic needs are met |
| Do toddlers have a grasp of loss? | they have no real meaning of loss |
| How do school-age children view loss? | they associate bad thoughts or misdeeds with losses |
| By what age do children usually have an adult concept of loss? | 9 to 10 years |
| How do adolescents react to loss? | with adult thinking and child like emotions |
| What do adolescents do with regards to facing their own mortality? | they tend to deny their own mortality |
| What is grief? | grief is a set of emotional reactions that accompany loss |
| What is mourning? | the process of working through or resolving one's grief |
| What is bereavement? | the behvioral state of thoughts, feelings and activities that follow a loss |
| What are the stages of the grieving process? | denial, yearning, depression and identification, acceptance and recovery |
| What is anticipatory grief? | process of grieving before the actual event occurs |
| What is bereavement related depression? | the person feels the loss so intensely that the feelings of despair and worthlessness overwhelm everything in life. |
| What is complicated grief? | persistent yearining for a deceased person that often occurs without signs of depression |
| What are the symptoms of complicated grief? | disturbances of moood, sleep and self-esteem |
| What is the last stage of growth and development? | dying |
| By what age are children aware that death is irreversible? | 12 years |
| What is a terminal illness? | a condition in which the outcome is death |
| When does grieving occur in terminal illness? | throughout the course of the illness |
| How is the diagnosis of a fatal illness received? | with disbelief and shock |
| What allows the client or family (with terminal illness) to slowly adjust to the reality of the situation? | denial and hope |
| What dictates funeral, burial and mourning practices? | culture |
| What are the stages of dying? | denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance |
| Who developed the five stages of dying? | Elizabeth Kubler-Ross |
| What stage of dying does the individual feel comfortable and acknowleges death? | acceptance stage |
| What is hospice? | it is a philosophy of care for people with terminal illnesses |
| What is the goal of hospice care? | to make the remainder of an individuals life as meaningful and comfortable as humanly possible. |
| What is the most urgent need of a dying client? | to be free from pain and discomfort |
| What is the primary need according to the hierarchy of a dying persons needs? | free from pain, conserve energy |
| What are the s/sx associated with dying? | coolness, color and temp changes in extrems (mottling), increased sleeping, disorientation, confusion, incontinence of urine and feces, congestion and restlessness |
| What are the emotional and spiritual symptoms of approaching death? | withdrawal, visionlike experiences, restlessness, decreased socialization, unusal communications |
| What is an emotion? | a feeling, non-intellectual response |
| What is a mood? | a prolonged emotional state that influences one's whole personality and life functioning |
| What are some possible causes of mood disorders? | genetic susceptibility, biochemical imbalances, childhood and adult experiences, social circumstances |
| What are the major neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit the brain in mood regulation? | norepinephrine and serotonin |
| When do infants feel a sense of contentment? | when their basic needs are met |
| Why do young children act out their feelings? | because they are unable to express themselves verbally |
| What is acute depression or situational depression? | it is depression that can be traced to a recognizable cause |
| How do children express depression? | feelings of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and a tendency to take the blame for every negative event, responding with irritability , tearfulness and sadness |
| What characterizes an adolescents moods? | commonly swinging from feeling vulnerable and dependent to knowing that they are the smartest ones in the family |
| What are the 4 factors that depression in an adolescent is related to? | self-esteem, loneliness, family strenghts, and parent-teen communications |
| What is the factor in depression that is related in all age groups? | loneliness |
| What certain behaviors that are practiced by individuals contribute to the development of a mood disorder? | drug use, dieting, refusal to seek help |
| Is depression a normal consequence of aging? | NO |
| What is affect? | the outward expression of one's emotions |
| What is the definition of a mood disorder? | a disturbance in the emotional dimension of human functioning |
| What is mania? | emotional state with an elevated, expansive and irritable mood accompanied by a loss of identity |
| What is depression? | feelings of sadness, disppointment and despair |
| What are the 3 divisions of bipolar disorder? | bipolar I, bipolar 2 and cyclothymic disorders |
| What rae the levels of depression? | mild, moderate and severe |
| What is mild depression? | short lived triggered by life events outside the individual |
| What is moderate depression? | persist over time and seriously interferes with ADLs due to lack of energy to make it through the day |
| What is severe depression? | lasts more than 2 weeks, energy is gone, zest for life has vanished, paralysis to agitation, worthlessness, guilt, and depair through every movement |
| When is a depressive disorder diagnosed? | when major depressive episodes routinely repeat themselves for more than 2 years |
| What is dysthymic disorder? | daily moderate depression that lasts for more than 2 years |
| What is the hallmark of bipolar disorder? | sudden and dramatic shifts in emotional extremes |
| What are the extremes that moods and behaviors swing to? | from normal to grandiose to depressed |
| What is hypomania? | exaggerated sense of cheerfulness that begins the cycle |
| If allowed to continue what can hypomania turn into? | delirium and death |
| What is the more severe form of bipolar? | bipolar 1 , episodes of depression alternating with periods of hypomania |
| What do individuals with bipolar 2 experience? | major episodes of depression with periods of hypomania |
| What distinguishes cyclothymic disorder? | there are no periods of normal functioning - bounce from too high to too low |
| What are the signs of postpartum depression? | tearfulness, irritability, hypochondria, sleeplessness , impairment of concentration and h/a in the days /weeks following childbirth |
| What are the 3 phases of treatment plan for clients with mood disorders? | acute treatment, continuation, maintenance |
| What is ECT? | a controlled grand mal seizure caused by passing electrical current through the brain |
| Who is ECT contraindicated for? | those with; heart disease, high or low BP, stroke or CHF, those with ICP, and tumors of the nervous system |
| What are the 2 drug classes used to treat mood disorders? | antidepressants and antimanics |
| What are most side effects from lithium related to? | dosage and blood serum levels |
| What symtoms are frequently seen in the beginning of lithium therapy? | polyuria and polydipsia |
| What is the acceptable level for lithium in serum blood? | <1.5 mEq/L |
| What level of lithium would you expect to find if your client is experiencing nystagmus? | above 2.5mEq/L |
Created by:
Kelly Quijano
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