Question 1

consists of the following: two kidneys, two
ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Accepted Answer

URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Question 2

o the predominant bacteria in the
vagina.
o These bacteria produce lactic
acid, which maintains the acidic
pH (3.8 to 4.5) of the vagina,
inhibiting the growth of most other
microbes.

Accepted Answer

LACTOBACILLI

Question 3

promote the growth of lactobacilli
by enhancing the production of
glycogen by vaginal epithelial
cells.

Accepted Answer

ESTROGENS

Question 4

TRUE OR FALSE. The yeastlike fungus Candida albicans is
part of the normal microbiota of 10-25%
of women, even when they are
asymptomatic.

Accepted Answer

TRUE

Question 5

Pseudomonas infection is
particularly problematic due to its
natural resistance to antibiotics.
• an infection which
occurs when the
urethra becomes
inflamed
• can progress to
affect the lower
urinary tract and the
kidneys.

Accepted Answer

URETHRITIS

Question 6

Is the inflammation of the urinary
bladder,  more common in females. 
Causative agent: E. coli, coagulase
negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

Accepted Answer

CYSTITIS

Question 7

CFU

Accepted Answer

COLONY FORMING UNIT

Question 8

• the inflammation of the kidneys
which, in 25% of cases, progressed
from cystitis.
• stems from bacteremia
• It is a life-threatening condition as
chronic cases result in kidney scars
and impairment of its functions

Accepted Answer

PYELONEPHRITIS

Question 9

CAUSATIVE AGENT OF PYELONEPHRITIS

Accepted Answer

E. COLI

Question 10

A type of zoonosis, which means it is
passed from animals to humans
• It can cause kidney and liver disease
• Causative agent: obligate aerobe
spirochete, Leptospira interrogans

Accepted Answer

LEPTOSPIROSIS

Question 11

• as named due to the hooked end
suggesting a question mark
• has an exceedingly spiral shape with a
diameter of 10 micrometer wounded so
tightly that it is almost indiscernible
under a dark field microscope.

Accepted Answer

Leptospira interrogans

Question 12

Weil's disease or disease of liver
and kidneys
▪ is observed in small
number of cases and
failure of the kidneys is the
most common cause of
death
o massive bleeding of lungs or
pulmonary hemorrhagic
syndrome

Accepted Answer

SYMPTOMS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS

Question 13

Most of the diseases of the reproductive systems
are transmitted by sexual activity. o Traditional term
o “Disease” implies obvious signs
and symptoms

Accepted Answer

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD)

Question 14

STD CHANGED INTO....
o Due to the realization that not all
infections manifest obvious signs
and symptoms
o The shift in the terminology
acknowledges the asymptomatic
nature of many infections.

Accepted Answer

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION (STI)

Question 15

some of the most common STDs in
the Philippines?

Accepted Answer

HIV, syphilis, human papillomavirus
(HPV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Question 16

BACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Accepted Answer

• Bacteria are the causative agents in
about 20% of all STIs.
• Most bacteria STIs will not cause harm
• Bacterial STIs can be successfully
treated with antibiotics

Question 17

CAUSATIVE AGENT IS gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria
gonorrhoeae.

Accepted Answer

GONORRHEA
(gon = semen + rhea = flow; a flow of semen — apparently, he confused pus
with semen)

Question 18

an infection
of the epididymis, is an
uncommon but painful
complication, usually
unilateral, resulting from
the infection ascending
along the urethra and
ductus deferens

Accepted Answer

EPIDIDYMITIS

Question 19

• If a mother is infected with gonorrhea,
the infant's eyes can become infected
during passage through the birth canal,
leading to...

Accepted Answer

ophthalmia neonatorum

Question 20

• also known as nonspecific urethritis
or NSU, refers to any inflammation of
the urethra not caused by Neisseria
gonorrhoeae.
• Symptoms include painful urination and
a watery discharge

Accepted Answer

NONGONOCCOCAL URETHRIS OR NGU

Question 21

The most common pathogen associated
with NGU. is also responsible for
the STI lymphogranuloma venereum
and trachoma.

Accepted Answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 22

considered to be a
polymicrobial infection—that is, a
number of different pathogens might be
the cause, including coinfections.  extensive
bacterial infection of the female pelvic
organs, particularly the uterus, cervix,
uterine tubes, or ovaries.

Accepted Answer

PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OR PID

Question 23

IT can result in scarring
that blocks the passage of ova from the
ovary to the uterus, possibly causing
sterility. acutely inflamed right
uterine tube and inflamed, swollen fimbriae and
ovary, caused by salpingitis

Accepted Answer

SALPHINGITIS

Question 24

TRUE OR FALSE. The use of a
laparoscope is the most reliable diagnostic
method for PID

Accepted Answer

TRUE

Question 25

• A blocked uterine tube may cause a
fertilized ovum to be implanted in the
tube rather than the uterus.  it is life-threatening because of the
possibility of rupture of the tube and
resulting hemorrhage

Accepted Answer

ectopic or tubal pregnancy,

Question 26

The causative agent  is a
gram-negative spirochete, Treponema
pallidum.

Accepted Answer

SYPHILIS

Question 27

lacks the enzymes
necessary to build many complex molecules; therefore, it relies on the host for many of the compounds
necessary for life.  has no obvious virulence
factors , it produces
 lipoproteins that induce an
inflammatory immune response.

Accepted Answer

TREPONEMA PALLIDUM

Question 28

Separate strains of T. pallidum
(subspecies T.p. pertenue) are
responsible for certain tropically
endemic skin diseases such as....These cause skin lesions but are not
sexually transmitted.

Accepted Answer

YAWS

Question 29

the
initial sign is a small, hard-based
chancre, or sore, which appears at the
site of infection 10 to 90 days following
exposure. The chancre is painless, and an
exudate of serum forms in the
center. This fluid is highly infectious,spirochetes.

Accepted Answer

Primary Stage Syphilis

Question 30

Several weeks after the primary stage. characterized
mainly by oral sores and skin rashes of
varying appearance.  The rash is widely distributed on the
skin and mucous membranes and is
especially visible on the palms and
on the soles.

Accepted Answer

Secondary Stage Syphilis

Question 31

During this period, there are no
symptoms. After 2 to 4 years of latency,
the disease is not normally infectious,
except for transmission from mother to
fetus.
• The majority of cases don’t progress
beyond the latent stage, even without
treatment

Accepted Answer

Latent Period

Question 32

the disease reappears with Gummatous syphilis as symptoms.

Accepted Answer

Tertiary Stage Syphilis

Question 33

is characterized by
gummas, which are a form of
progressive inflammation that appear as rubbery masses of tissue in various
organs after about 15 years.

Accepted Answer

Gummatous syphilis

Question 34

It results most seriously in a weakening
of the aorta. In preantibiotic days, it was
one of the more common symptoms of
syphilis; it is now rare.

Accepted Answer

CARDIOVASCULAR SYPHILIS

Question 35

Complications of untreated syphilis
involving the eyes or central nervous
system can occur during any stage of
the disease. Ocular syphilis causes
blurred vision and permanent
blindness

Accepted Answer

OCULAR SYPHILIS

Question 36

one of the most distressing and
dangerous forms
• most common when pregnancy occurs
during the latent period of the disease
• transmitted across the placenta to the
unborn fetus

Accepted Answer

CONGENITAL SYPHILIS

Question 37

mostly in homosexual men,
many of whom are also HIV-positive
• Causative Agent: serovars of Chlamydia
trachomatis. SS: Suppuration (a discharge of pus)
• Scarring of Lymph nodes

Accepted Answer

LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM (LGV)

Question 38

similar to syphilis, it is a risk
factor in the transmission and
acquisition of HIV infection. SS: swollen, painful ulcer that forms
on the genitals involves an
infection of the adjacent lymph
nodes. lesions might occur on the tongue
and lips

Accepted Answer

CHANCROID (SOFT CHANCRE)

Question 39

CAUSATIVE AGENT OF CHANCROID, a small gram-negative rod that can be isolated from exudates of
lesions

Accepted Answer

Haemophilus ducreyi

Question 40

• Inflammation of the vagina due to
infection, or vaginitis, is most commonly
caused by 
• mainly the fungus Candida
albicans
• the protozoan Trichomonas
vaginalis
• the bacterium Gardnerella
vaginalis (small, pleomorphic
gram-variable rod)

Accepted Answer

BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS

Question 41

• Signs and Symptoms
• a vaginal pH above 4.5
• copious, frothy vaginal discharge
• and when tested with a
potassium hydroxide solution,
these vaginal secretions emit a
fishy odor from amines produced
by G. vaginalis

Accepted Answer

BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS

Question 42

What are clue cells?:

Accepted Answer

sloughed-off vaginal
epithelial cells covered
with a biofilm of bacteria,
mostly G. vaginalis

Question 43

VIRAL DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEMS

Accepted Answer

GENITAL HERPES
GENITAL WARTS
AIDS
HEPATITIS B AND C
ZIKA  VIRUS

Question 44

Symptoms of the infection are painful
urination, genital irritation, and fluid-filled
vesicles. CAUSATIVE AGENT IS Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and
HSV-2)

Accepted Answer

GENITAL HERPES

Question 45

is contracted during
fetal development or birth. It can result
in neurological damage or infant
fatalities.
o The virus can cross the placental
barrier and affect the fetus,
causing spontaneous abortion or
serious fetal damage.

Accepted Answer

NEONATAL HERPES

Question 46

TRUE OR FALSE. There is no cure for genital herpes

Accepted Answer

TRUE

Question 47

TRUE OR FALSE.HSV-1 infections are likely to be more
serious than HSV-2 infections.

Accepted Answer

FALSE

Question 48

Some human papillomaviruses that cause
genital warts cause cancer. CAUSATIVE AGENT IS HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES

Accepted Answer

GENITAL WARTS

Question 49

is a sexually transmitted disease
of the immune system.  is the final stage of HIV infection.
Heterosexual intercourse is the
primary method of transmission.

Accepted Answer

AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMONUDIFECIENCY SYNDROME)

Question 50

Other viral STIs that do not infect the
genitourinary system include:

Accepted Answer

HEPATITIS B AND C
ZIKA VIRUS

Question 51

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. A SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Accepted Answer

HEPATITIS B AND C

Question 52

is caused by
the Zika virus, or ZIKV, a member of the
Flaviviridae.
• It is transmitted primarily through the
bite of infected Aedes spp.
mosquitoes,

Accepted Answer

ZIKA VIRUS DISEASE (ZVD)

Question 53

In this disorder, the
infant’s head is much smaller than
normal because of abnormal brain
development

Accepted Answer

MICROENCEPHALY

Question 54

a temporary
muscular Weakness and tingling in the upper
and lower limbs

Accepted Answer

GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME

Question 55

FUNGAL DISEASES OF THE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Accepted Answer

CANDIDIASIS
VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS

Question 56

a.k.a yeast infection
• a common vaginal infection responsible
for millions of physician office visits
every year.
Causative agents are member of the
genus Candida, which includes
o C. albicans
o C. glabrata

Accepted Answer

CANDIDIASIS

Question 57

a species of genus Candida that is more
likely resistant to antifungals
• also known to cause chronic or
recurrent infections

Accepted Answer

C. GLABRATA

Question 58

• an opportunistic pathogen found in the
mucous membranes of the mouth,
intestinal tract, and genitourinary tract
• it is the most common Candidiasis
causing species

Accepted Answer

C. ALBICANS

Question 59

the most common cause of vaginitis that stem
from C. albicans overgrowth in the cervix. thrush-like lesions
• more irritation
• severe itching
• thick, yellow, cheesy discharge
• which may have yeasty or no odor

Accepted Answer

VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS

Question 60

PROTOZOAN DISEASES OF THE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Accepted Answer

TRICHOMONIASIS

Question 61

is the only STI caused by a protozoan
affects mostly young, sexually active
women
• has a higher incidence than that of
gonorrhea or chlamydia, but is
considered relatively benign and often
not a reportable disease

Accepted Answer

TRICHOMONIASIS

Question 62

this opportunistic pathogen is a
part of the vagina’s normal
microbiota, as well as in the
urethra of many men. CAUSATIVE AGENT OF TRICHOMONIASIS

Accepted Answer

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 63

Symptoms
• Usually accompanied by a coinfection
with gonorrhea
• accumulation of leukocytes at the site of
infection, leading to a profuse, greenish
yellow, foul-smelling discharge
• irritation and itching

Accepted Answer

TRICHOMONIASIS

Question 64

DISEASE IN FOCUS STUDY STUDY

Accepted Answer

OKAY OKAY OKAY

Micro R10 (FINALS)

Chapter 26 - Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive System

Question	Answer
consists of the following: two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra	URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
o the predominant bacteria in the vagina. o These bacteria produce lactic acid, which maintains the acidic pH (3.8 to 4.5) of the vagina, inhibiting the growth of most other microbes.	LACTOBACILLI
promote the growth of lactobacilli by enhancing the production of glycogen by vaginal epithelial cells.	ESTROGENS
TRUE OR FALSE. The yeastlike fungus Candida albicans is part of the normal microbiota of 10-25% of women, even when they are asymptomatic.	TRUE
Pseudomonas infection is particularly problematic due to its natural resistance to antibiotics. • an infection which occurs when the urethra becomes inflamed • can progress to affect the lower urinary tract and the kidneys.	URETHRITIS
Is the inflammation of the urinary bladder, more common in females. Causative agent: E. coli, coagulase negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus.	CYSTITIS
CFU	COLONY FORMING UNIT
• the inflammation of the kidneys which, in 25% of cases, progressed from cystitis. • stems from bacteremia • It is a life-threatening condition as chronic cases result in kidney scars and impairment of its functions	PYELONEPHRITIS
CAUSATIVE AGENT OF PYELONEPHRITIS	E. COLI
A type of zoonosis, which means it is passed from animals to humans • It can cause kidney and liver disease • Causative agent: obligate aerobe spirochete, Leptospira interrogans	LEPTOSPIROSIS
• as named due to the hooked end suggesting a question mark • has an exceedingly spiral shape with a diameter of 10 micrometer wounded so tightly that it is almost indiscernible under a dark field microscope.	Leptospira interrogans
Weil's disease or disease of liver and kidneys ▪ is observed in small number of cases and failure of the kidneys is the most common cause of death o massive bleeding of lungs or pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome	SYMPTOMS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS
Most of the diseases of the reproductive systems are transmitted by sexual activity. o Traditional term o “Disease” implies obvious signs and symptoms	SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD)
STD CHANGED INTO.... o Due to the realization that not all infections manifest obvious signs and symptoms o The shift in the terminology acknowledges the asymptomatic nature of many infections.	SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION (STI)
some of the most common STDs in the Philippines?	HIV, syphilis, human papillomavirus (HPV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV)
BACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM	• Bacteria are the causative agents in about 20% of all STIs. • Most bacteria STIs will not cause harm • Bacterial STIs can be successfully treated with antibiotics
CAUSATIVE AGENT IS gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria gonorrhoeae.	GONORRHEA (gon = semen + rhea = flow; a flow of semen — apparently, he confused pus with semen)
an infection of the epididymis, is an uncommon but painful complication, usually unilateral, resulting from the infection ascending along the urethra and ductus deferens	EPIDIDYMITIS
• If a mother is infected with gonorrhea, the infant's eyes can become infected during passage through the birth canal, leading to...	ophthalmia neonatorum
• also known as nonspecific urethritis or NSU, refers to any inflammation of the urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. • Symptoms include painful urination and a watery discharge	NONGONOCCOCAL URETHRIS OR NGU
The most common pathogen associated with NGU. is also responsible for the STI lymphogranuloma venereum and trachoma.	Chlamydia trachomatis
considered to be a polymicrobial infection—that is, a number of different pathogens might be the cause, including coinfections. extensive bacterial infection of the female pelvic organs, particularly the uterus, cervix, uterine tubes, or ovaries.	PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OR PID
IT can result in scarring that blocks the passage of ova from the ovary to the uterus, possibly causing sterility. acutely inflamed right uterine tube and inflamed, swollen fimbriae and ovary, caused by salpingitis	SALPHINGITIS
TRUE OR FALSE. The use of a laparoscope is the most reliable diagnostic method for PID	TRUE
• A blocked uterine tube may cause a fertilized ovum to be implanted in the tube rather than the uterus. it is life-threatening because of the possibility of rupture of the tube and resulting hemorrhage	ectopic or tubal pregnancy,
The causative agent is a gram-negative spirochete, Treponema pallidum.	SYPHILIS
lacks the enzymes necessary to build many complex molecules; therefore, it relies on the host for many of the compounds necessary for life. has no obvious virulence factors , it produces lipoproteins that induce an inflammatory immune response.	TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
Separate strains of T. pallidum (subspecies T.p. pertenue) are responsible for certain tropically endemic skin diseases such as....These cause skin lesions but are not sexually transmitted.	YAWS
the initial sign is a small, hard-based chancre, or sore, which appears at the site of infection 10 to 90 days following exposure. The chancre is painless, and an exudate of serum forms in the center. This fluid is highly infectious,spirochetes.	Primary Stage Syphilis
Several weeks after the primary stage. characterized mainly by oral sores and skin rashes of varying appearance. The rash is widely distributed on the skin and mucous membranes and is especially visible on the palms and on the soles.	Secondary Stage Syphilis
During this period, there are no symptoms. After 2 to 4 years of latency, the disease is not normally infectious, except for transmission from mother to fetus. • The majority of cases don’t progress beyond the latent stage, even without treatment	Latent Period
the disease reappears with Gummatous syphilis as symptoms.	Tertiary Stage Syphilis
is characterized by gummas, which are a form of progressive inflammation that appear as rubbery masses of tissue in various organs after about 15 years.	Gummatous syphilis
It results most seriously in a weakening of the aorta. In preantibiotic days, it was one of the more common symptoms of syphilis; it is now rare.	CARDIOVASCULAR SYPHILIS
Complications of untreated syphilis involving the eyes or central nervous system can occur during any stage of the disease. Ocular syphilis causes blurred vision and permanent blindness	OCULAR SYPHILIS
one of the most distressing and dangerous forms • most common when pregnancy occurs during the latent period of the disease • transmitted across the placenta to the unborn fetus	CONGENITAL SYPHILIS
mostly in homosexual men, many of whom are also HIV-positive • Causative Agent: serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. SS: Suppuration (a discharge of pus) • Scarring of Lymph nodes	LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM (LGV)
similar to syphilis, it is a risk factor in the transmission and acquisition of HIV infection. SS: swollen, painful ulcer that forms on the genitals involves an infection of the adjacent lymph nodes. lesions might occur on the tongue and lips	CHANCROID (SOFT CHANCRE)
CAUSATIVE AGENT OF CHANCROID, a small gram-negative rod that can be isolated from exudates of lesions	Haemophilus ducreyi
• Inflammation of the vagina due to infection, or vaginitis, is most commonly caused by • mainly the fungus Candida albicans • the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis • the bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis (small, pleomorphic gram-variable rod)	BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS
• Signs and Symptoms • a vaginal pH above 4.5 • copious, frothy vaginal discharge • and when tested with a potassium hydroxide solution, these vaginal secretions emit a fishy odor from amines produced by G. vaginalis	BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS
What are clue cells?:	sloughed-off vaginal epithelial cells covered with a biofilm of bacteria, mostly G. vaginalis
VIRAL DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS	GENITAL HERPES GENITAL WARTS AIDS HEPATITIS B AND C ZIKA VIRUS
Symptoms of the infection are painful urination, genital irritation, and fluid-filled vesicles. CAUSATIVE AGENT IS Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2)	GENITAL HERPES
is contracted during fetal development or birth. It can result in neurological damage or infant fatalities. o The virus can cross the placental barrier and affect the fetus, causing spontaneous abortion or serious fetal damage.	NEONATAL HERPES
TRUE OR FALSE. There is no cure for genital herpes	TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE.HSV-1 infections are likely to be more serious than HSV-2 infections.	FALSE
Some human papillomaviruses that cause genital warts cause cancer. CAUSATIVE AGENT IS HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES	GENITAL WARTS
is a sexually transmitted disease of the immune system. is the final stage of HIV infection. Heterosexual intercourse is the primary method of transmission.	AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMONUDIFECIENCY SYNDROME)
Other viral STIs that do not infect the genitourinary system include:	HEPATITIS B AND C ZIKA VIRUS
INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. A SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM	HEPATITIS B AND C
is caused by the Zika virus, or ZIKV, a member of the Flaviviridae. • It is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected Aedes spp. mosquitoes,	ZIKA VIRUS DISEASE (ZVD)
In this disorder, the infant’s head is much smaller than normal because of abnormal brain development	MICROENCEPHALY
a temporary muscular Weakness and tingling in the upper and lower limbs	GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME
FUNGAL DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS	CANDIDIASIS VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS
a.k.a yeast infection • a common vaginal infection responsible for millions of physician office visits every year. Causative agents are member of the genus Candida, which includes o C. albicans o C. glabrata	CANDIDIASIS
a species of genus Candida that is more likely resistant to antifungals • also known to cause chronic or recurrent infections	C. GLABRATA
• an opportunistic pathogen found in the mucous membranes of the mouth, intestinal tract, and genitourinary tract • it is the most common Candidiasis causing species	C. ALBICANS
the most common cause of vaginitis that stem from C. albicans overgrowth in the cervix. thrush-like lesions • more irritation • severe itching • thick, yellow, cheesy discharge • which may have yeasty or no odor	VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS
PROTOZOAN DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS	TRICHOMONIASIS
is the only STI caused by a protozoan affects mostly young, sexually active women • has a higher incidence than that of gonorrhea or chlamydia, but is considered relatively benign and often not a reportable disease	TRICHOMONIASIS
this opportunistic pathogen is a part of the vagina’s normal microbiota, as well as in the urethra of many men. CAUSATIVE AGENT OF TRICHOMONIASIS	Trichomonas vaginalis
Symptoms • Usually accompanied by a coinfection with gonorrhea • accumulation of leukocytes at the site of infection, leading to a profuse, greenish yellow, foul-smelling discharge • irritation and itching	TRICHOMONIASIS
DISEASE IN FOCUS STUDY STUDY	OKAY OKAY OKAY

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