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Micro R9 (FINALS)
Chapter 25 - Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System
| Therefore, microbial diseases of the digestive system are typically transmitted by a fecal-oral cycle. | TRUE |
| Escherichia coli cause disease by making a toxin called Shiga toxin. The bacteria that make these toxins are called | Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). |
| A tubelike structure that can also be called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, or alimentary canal | DIGESTIVE SYSTEM |
| IT is a mixture of nitrogen from swallowed air and microbially produced carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane. | INTESTINAL GAS OR FLATUS |
| The resulting undigested solids, called ___, are eliminated from the body through the anus. | FECES |
| This loosely organized lymphoid tissue and structures such as lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches are collectively calleD | gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). |
| are collections of lymphoid tissue found in the small intestine, as well as isolated lymphoid follicles and other immune cells scattered along the mucosa of the stomach and intestines. | PEYER'S PATCHES |
| BACTERIAL DISEASE OF THE MOUTH | The mouth, which is the entrance to the digestive system, provides an environment that supports a large and varied microbial population. |
| Accumulations are called --, a type of biofilm involved in theformation of dental caries or tooth decaY | DENTAL PLAQUE |
| Probably the most important cariogenic (caries-causing) bacterium is; a gram-positive coccus that has important virulence characteristics - Metabolizes a wide range of carbohydrates, tolerates a high level of acidity, and synthesizes dextran | STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS |
| STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS CARRIES-CAUSING BACTRIUM | DENTAL CARIES (TOOTH DECAY) |
| live in biofilm and attack dental enamel by converting sugar and starch into acids that dissolve out calcium from the enamel. | CARIOGENIC BACTERIA |
| Older, calcified deposits of plaque | DENTAL CALCULUS OR TARTAR |
| A term for several conditions characterized by inflammation and degeneration of structures that support the teeth | Periodontal Disease |
| , the infection is restricted to the gums or gingivae. - This resulting inflammation, , is characterized by bleeding of the gums while the teeth are being brushed - streptococci, actinomycetes, and anaerobic gram-negative bacteria | GINGIVITIS |
| Gingivitis can progress to a chronic condition, an insidious condition that generally causes little discomfort. - The gums are inflamed and bleed easily. Sometimes pus forms in periodontal pockets surrounding the teeth. | PERIODONTITIS |
| Numerous bacteria of many different types, primarily (bacteria?) species, are found in these infections; the tissue damage is done by an inflammatory response to the presence of these bacteria. | PORPHYROMONAS |
| serious mouth infections. - Causes enough pain to make normal chewing difficult. - Foul breath (halitosis) also accompanies the infection. - - Because these pathogens are usually anaerobic, treatment includes hydrogen peroxide after debridement. | Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (Vincent’s Disease or Trench Mouth) |
| Among the bacteria usually associated with this condition is | Prevotella intermedia. |
| TWO TYPES OF BACTERIAL DISEASE OF THE LOWER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | INFECTION, Occurs when a pathogen enters the GI tract and multiplies. INTOXICATION, Caused by the ingestion of such a preformed toxin - Staphylococcus aureus- intoxication characterized by a very sudden appearance of a GI disturbance. |
| diarrhea accompanied by blood or mucus | DYSENTERY. Diarrhea and vomiting are both defensive mechanism designed to rid the body of harmful materials |
| a general term applied to disease causing inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucosa | GASTROENTERITIS |
| IT is a special case of intoxication because the ingestion of the preformed toxin affects the nervous system rather that the GI tract | BOTULISM |
| Have high resistance to heat where vegetative cells can can tolerate 60 degrees for half an hour - Their resistance to drying and radiation help them survive on skin surfaces | STAPHYLOCOCCI |
| Leading cause of gastroenteritis in staphylococcal food poisoning, an intoxication caused by ingesting an enterotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus | Staphylococcal Enterotoxicosis |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Pathogenic staphylococci usually ferment mannitol, produce hemolysins and coagulase and form golden yellow colonies | TRUE |
| - Often inhabitant in nasal passages - Frequent cause of skin lesions on the hands - Temperature abuse - if the microbes are allowed to incubate in the food | STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS |
| Bacterial infection such as salmonellosis and shigellosis usually have longer incubation periods ranging from 12 hours to 2 weeks than bacterial intoxication, reflecting the time needed for the microorganism to grow | Bacillary Dysentery |
| severe form of diarrhea cause by a group of facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods of the genus Shigella - Spread only from human to human - Four Pathogenic species; | SHIGELLOSIS |
| CAUSED BY Salmonella bacteria - Daniel Salmon - Gram negative , facultative anaerobic rods - Normal habitat in o human intestinal tract | Salmonella Gastroenteritis |
| S. Typhi- most virulent serotype of Salmonella. Not found in animal bur rather spread only in the feces of other humans. Patient suffers from high fever reaching to 40 degrees and continual headache. Diarrhea appears in second or third week. Mary Malon | TYPHOID FEVER |
| caused by Vibrio cholerae ○ slightly curved, gram- negative rod with a single polar flagellum ➢ grow in the small intestine and produce an exotoxin called cholera toxin ○ causes host cells to secrete water and electrolytes, especially potassium | CHOLERA |
| SSWatery stools that contain masses of intestinal mucus and epithelial cells—called “rice water stools”● 12 to 20 liters (3 to 5 gallons) of fluids can be lost in a ○ Blood become viscous organs unable function properly Violent vomiting occurs | CHOLERA |
| Vibrio species are associated with brackish (salty) waters characteristic of estuaries ● spread in contaminated freshwater ● Form biofilms and colonize copepods (tiny crustaceans), algae, and other aquatic plants and planktons that aids their survival | RESERVOIRS AND TRANSMISSION |
| Not invasive and remain in the intestinal lumen | E. coli Gastroenteritis |
| Five Pathotypes | Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) |
| Major cause of diarrhea in developing countries and fatal in infants ● As it attach to the intestinal wall, they eliminate surrounding microvilli and stimulate host-cell actin to form pedestals beneath their site of attachment | Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) |
| Almost similar with Shigella due to their pathogenic mechanisms ● Gain access to the submucosa through M cells ● Invasion results in inflammation, fever, and a Shigella-like dysentery | Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) |
| Group of coliforms found only in humans ● Named for their growth habit since it cause a “stacked-brick” configuration on epithelial cells ● Not invasive but produce an enterotoxin causing a watery diarrhea | Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) |
| Caused several outbreaks of serious disease ● Primary virulence factor is a Shiga-like toxin ○ Shiga toxins are a family of toxins that are closely related ● E. coli strains that produce Shiga-like toxins are termed Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) | Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) |
| EHEC Reservoir, Transmission, Dosage | Cattle and leafy vegetables ● Infections are spread by contaminated food or water and some cases have been associated with children’s visits to farms or petting zoos ● The infectious dose is estimated to be very small, probably fewer than 100 bacteria |
| 6% of infected people develop inflammation of the colon involving profuse bleeding, called | hemorrhagic colitis |
| characterized by blood in the urine, often leading to kidney failure ○ Occurs when the kidneys are affected by the toxin ○ 5–10% of young children who have been infected progress to this stage, which has a mortality rate of about 5% | Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) |
| Secretes enterotoxins that cause diarrhea ● Illness is frequently fatal for children under 5 ● One of the enterotoxins resembles the cholera toxin in function | Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) |
| ● Most common bacterial cause is ETEC; then EAEC ● Also caused by other Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter—as well as by unidentified bacteria, viruses, and protozoans ● Causative agent is never identified in most cases, | Traveler’s Diarrhea |
| Almost all retail chicken is contaminated, 60% of cattle excrete it in feces and milk. Characterized by fever, cramping abdominal pain, and diarrhea or dysentery, Prevented by thoroughly cooking chicken and pasteurizing milk | Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis) |
| are gram-negative, microaerophilic, spirally curved bacteria ● Leading cause of diarrhea ● Adapt well to the intestines of animal hosts, especially poultry ● Optimum growth temperature of about 42°C ● Do not replicate in food | Campylobacter |
| Includes gastric and duodenal ulcers. Stomach mucosa contains cells that secrete gastric juice containing proteolytic enzymes and hydrochloric acid that activates these enzymes. an inflammation of the stomach (gastritis) results. | Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease |
| Discovered and cultured in 1982 from a biopsied tissue of stomach ulcer patients AND is a spiral-shaped, microaerophilic bacterium. is a carcinogenic bacterium | Helicobacter pylori |
| H. pylori have adapted to grow in the highly acidic environment of the stomach ○ Produces large amounts of -----, an enzyme that converts urea to ammonia, resulting in a locally high pH in the area of growtH | UREASE |
| CAUSATIVE AGENTS: ○ Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, | Yersinia Gastroenteritis |
| ause of severe reactions when it contaminates tranfused blood | Yersinia |
| gram-negative intestinal bacteria that inhabits many domestic animals and are commonly transmitted by eating raw of undercooked pork ■ distinctive in their ability to grow at refrigerator temperatures of 4°C | Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis |
| Symptoms: ● diarrhea ● fever ● headache ● abdominal pain / pseudoappendic | Y. gastroenteritis/ yersiniosis |
| CAUSATIVE AGENTS: Clostridium perfringens | Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis |
| underrecognized cause of food poisoning ■ large, gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligately anaerobic rod ■ responsible for human gas gangrene | Clostridium perfringens |
| associated with meats or meat stews contaminated with intestinal contents of the animal during slaughter. | C. perfringens gastroenteritis |
| responsible for more deaths than all other intestinal infections combined - usually precipitated by the extended use of antibiotics - occurs mostly in health care settings such as hospitals and nursing homes | Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea |
| gram positive, endospore-forming anaerobe found in the stool of many healthy adults. from a mild case of diarrhea to life-threatening colitis (inflammation of the colon) | Clostridium difficile |
| CAUSATIVE AGENTS: Bacillus cereus | B. cereus Gastroenteritis |
| arge, gram-positive, endospore forming bacterium that is very common in soil and vegetation and is generally considered harmless ● been identified as the cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness | Bacillus cereus |
| Resemble C. perfringens intoxication and are almost entirely diarrheal in nature (usu. appearing 8 to 16 hours after ingestion). resemble staphylococcal poisoning, with nausea and vomiting 2 to 5 hours after ingestion | B. cereus gastroenteritis |
| VIRAL DISEASE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | MUMPS HEPATITIS VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS |
| Mumps virus, an RNA virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae.Respiratory droplets from an infected person. Fever, headache, muscle pain, and swelling of the parotid glands (salivary glands) | MUMPS |
| MMR VACCINE MEANS | MEASLE, MUMPS, RUBELLA |
| IT IS THE IFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. Symptoms: Fever, fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stool, abdominal pain, loss of appetite ● Complications: Liver failure, cirrhosis, liver cancer | HEPATITIS |
| an RNA virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Fecal-oral route (contaminated food or water). PREVENTION, Vaccination, safe food and water handling practices | HEPATITIS A: HEPATITIS A VIRUS |
| a DNA virus belonging to the family Hepadnaviridae. Sexual contact, blood or body fluid contact, perinatal transmission. Vaccination, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing needles or other equipment | HEPATITIS B: HEPATITIS B VIRUS |
| an RNA virus belonging to the family Hepeviridae. Fecal-oral route (contaminated food or water). Safe food and water handling practices . | HEPATITIS E: HEPATITIS E VIRUS |
| an RNA virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae. Blood or body fluid contact. There is no vaccine available, but there are effective antiviral medications. | HEPATITIS C: HEPATITIS C VIRUS |
| a defective RNA virus that requires the hepatitis B virus for replication. Requires coinfection with hepatitis B virus. Prevention depends on preventing hepatitis B infection | HEPATITIS D: HEPATITIS D VIRUS |
| Noroviruses, rotaviruses, and sapoviruses. Fecal-oral route (contaminated food or water, contact with an infected person). Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance | VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS |
| FUNGAL DISEASE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | Mycotoxin intoxication Claviceps purpurea Aspergillus flavus |
| produce toxins called mycotoxins. cause blood diseases, nervous system disorders, kidney damage, liver damage, and even cancer. | FUNGI |
| ➔ When multiple patients have similar clinical signs and symptoms ➔ Diagnosis is usually based on finding the fungi or mycotoxins in food | MYCOTOXIN INTOXICATION |
| ➢ a fungus causing smut infections on grain crops ➢ cause ergot poisoning when rye or other cereal grains contaminated with the fungus are ingested | Claviceps purpurea |
| ➢ Common mold ➢ Mainly found in peanuts ● Aflatoxin poisoning can cause serious damage to livestock when their feed is contaminated with THE VIRUS | Aspergillus flavus |
| Diseases - cirrhosis of the liver and cancer of the liver such as in India and Africa, where food is subject to aflatoxin contamination | Aspergillus flavus |
| Diseases - restrict blood flow in the limbs, with resulting gangrene - hallucinogenic symptoms (producing bizarre behavior ) similar to that caused by LSD | Claviceps purpurea |
| PROTOZOAN DISEASE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | GIARDIASIS CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS CYCLOSPORIASIS AMEBIC DYSENTERY |
| (Beaver Fever) prolonged diarrheal disease ➢ Zoonotic infection with cross-species infectivity and beavers as important reservoir ➢ Gastrointestinal condition due to a protozoal infection with G. intestinalis | GIARDIASIS |
| Flagellated protozoans that causes giardiasis - able to attach firmly to a human’s intestinal wall interfere with food absorption ➔ a distinctive odor of hydrogen sulfide can often be detected in the breath or stools | GIARDIA INTESTINALIS |
| nfected forms of Giardia are usually excreted in stool - survived the moist environment for a prolonged length of time before ingestion, relatively insensitive to chlorine, responsible for transmission and environmental survival | CYSTS |
| binucleated flagellated parasite forms - reproduce through binary fission in the small intestine - have adhesive disks that attach to the intestine. responsible for causing symptoms and establishing infection within the host's intestine. | TROPHOZOITES |
| caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium ➢ parasites and the disease are commonly known as “Crypto.” ➢ the most prevalent species affecting humans: C. parvum and C. hominis | CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS |
| A protozoan discovered in 1993 is responsible for a series of recent diarrheal disease outbreaks | Cyclospora cayetanensis. |
| Amebiasis is spread mostly by food or water contaminated by cysts of the protozoa ameba | Amebic dysentery, |
| well recognized as a pathogenic ameba, associated with intestinal and extraintestinal infections | Entamoeba histolytica |
| invasive intestinal amebiasis, occurs when the mucosa is invaded. | Amebic colitis |
| HELMINTHIC DISEASE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | TAPEWORMS HYDATID DISEASE NEMATODES: PINWORMS, HOOKWORMS, ASCARIASIS, WHIPWORM, TRICHINELLOSIS, |
| The life cycle extends through three stages—egg, larvae, and adult. | TAPEWORMS |
| The larval form of a tapeworm is called a | CYSTICERCUS |
| Beef tapeworm | TAENIA SAGINATA |
| Pork tapeworm Conditions caused by Tae | TAENIA SOLIUM |
| develops when the adult tapeworm infects the human intestine ○ generally benign, asymptomatic condition, but the host continuously expels eggs of T. solium, which contaminate hands and food under poor sanitary conditions | TAENIASIS |
| ○ infection with the larval stage, can develop when humans or swine ingest T. solium eggs ○ these eggs can leave the digestive tract and develop into larvae that lodge in tissue (usually brain or muscles) | CYSTICERCOSIS |
| ○ happens when larvae occasionally lodge in an eye ○ this affects vision | OPHTHALMIC CYSTECEROCIS |
| ○ most serious and much more common condition ○ arises when the larvae develop in areas of the central nervous system, such as the brain ○ symptoms often mimic those of epilepsy or a brain tumor | NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS |
| FISH TAPEWORM. ◆ Found in pike, trout, perch, and salmon ◆ This can be acquired by eating sashimi and sushi | Diphyllobothrium latum |
| ➔ This is the head of the tapeworms that allow them to attach to the intestinal lining ➔ Contains hooks and suckers | SCOLEX |
| ➔ These are the body segments of the tapeworm ➔ Contains all the necessary materials to produce new tapeworms ➔ They can break off and be released in the feces | PROGLOTTIDS |
| Even though tapeworms are flat and ribbon-like, they can get very large and very long in the intestinal tract and may cause intestinal blockage and abdominal pain. | YAS YASSSS |
| caused by small tapeworms. | HYDATID DISEASE |
| chinococcus granulosus ➔ One of the most dangerous tapeworms ➔ Only a few millimeters in length ➔ Can be acquired or infected by contact with animal feces ➔ Most commonly found in people involved in raising sheep | ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS |
| Roundworms are bilaterally symmetrical, worm-like organisms that are surrounded by a strong, flexible noncellular layer called a cuticle. Their body plan is simple. The cuticle is secreted by and covers a layer of epidermal cells. | NEMATODES |
| are tiny parasitic worms that infect humans. spread through fecal-oral contamination. This means that the eggs of the worms can be ingested from contaminated food, water, or surfaces. symptom is itching around the anus | Enterobius vermicularis (PINWORM) |
| e a common parasitic disease. attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood and tissue. Heavy infections can lead to anemia, lethargy, and pica (a craving for peculiar foods). | HOOKWORMS |
| caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, is a widespread helminthic infection | ASCARIASIS |
| are large intestinal roundworms, females can be 30 cm in length | ASCARIASIS LUMBRICOIDES |
| AKA trichuriasis, are widespread parasitic infections, particularly in tropical regions of the world, especially in Asia. Infection occurs through ingestion of embryonated eggs from contaminated soil. Worms feed on cell contents and blood. | TRICHURIS TRICHIURA ( WHIPWORM) |
| AKA TRICHINOSIS. is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworm Trichinella spiralis. Ingesting raw or undercooked meat, especially bear, pig, cougar, or dog. Freezing pork for prolonged periods (for example, -23°C for 10 days) kills T. spiralis. | TRICINILLOSIS |
| What are the most common helminthic diseases in the Philippines? | ASCARIASIS TRICHURIASIS HOOKWORM |
| To eradicate this, the DOH established the STHCP or the? | Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Control Program |
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