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Micro R8 (FINALS)
Chapter 24 - Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| consists of the nose, the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), middle ear, and the auditory tubes | UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT |
| onsists of trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, and alveoli. | LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT |
| MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (5) | ➢ Pharyngitis (sore throat) ➢ Laryngitis (hoarseness) ➢ Tonsillitis (inflamed tonsils) ➢ Sinusitis (sinus infection) ➢ Epiglottitis (epiglottis infection) |
| Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System (4) | Otitis Media Diphtheria SCARLET FEVER STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS |
| ■ Caused by Group A Streptococci (GAS) infection, mainly Streptococcus pyogenes. ■ Pharyngitis causes local inflammation, and fever, often leading to tonsillitis and swollen neck lymph nodes. | STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS |
| When Streptococcus pyogenes involved in streptococcal pharyngitis produces an erythrogenic (reddening) toxin, it leads to a condition known as s | SCARLET FEVER |
| The toxin triggers a pinkish-red rash on the skin along with a high fever. manifests with a spotted, strawberry-like appearance on the tongue, which later becomes intensely red and swollen as its upper membrane sheds. | SCARLET FEVER |
| Its symptoms include sore throat, fever, neck swelling, and a characteristic grayish throat membrane that obstructs airways | DIPTHERIA |
| CAUSATIVE AGENT OF DIPTHERIA. a gram-positive bacterium. Its morphology is pleomorphic, frequently club-shaped, and it stains unevenl | Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
| DTaP VACCINES MEANS | Immunization against diphtheria is part of the DTaP vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid that triggers antibody production against the toxin, which protects children against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. |
| One uncomfortable complication of colds or upper respiratory infections is an ear infection leading to earaches. ■ Pathogens prompt pus formation, increasing pressure against the eardrum, and causing inflammation and pain. | OTITIS MEDIA |
| CAUSATIVE AGENT OF OTITIS MEDIA | S. pneumoniae Other involved bacteria include different S. pneumoniae strains, nonencapsulated H. influenzae (Haemophilus influenzae), Moraxella catarrhalis, and S. pyogenes. |
| VIRAL DISEASE OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | COMMON COLD |
| a mild, self-limiting viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, primarily affecting the nose and throat. | COMMON COLD |
| Symptoms of the common cold: Sneezing, Excessive nasal secretion (runny nose), Congestion Treatment: ● Supportive (rest, hydration, etc.) ● antibiotics are of no use in treatment. ● symptoms can be relieved by cough suppressants and antihistamines. | COMMON COLD |
| MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | BACTRIAL, VIRAL AND FUNGAL |
| Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System | PERTUSSIS TUBERCULOSIS BACTERIAL PNEUMONIAS: PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA Haemophilus influenzae Pneumonia Mycoplasmal Pneumonia Legionellosis Psittacosis (Ornithosis) Chlamydial Pneumonia Q FEVER Melioidosis |
| Infection by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis results in whooping cough. The name "" reflects the thorough coughing associated with the disease. Gasping for air between coughs results in a whooping sound. | PERTUSSIS |
| is an obligately aerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus. ■ Virulent strains have a capsule. ■ Bacteria attach to ciliated cells in the trachea. | BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS |
| ■ TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis | TUBERCULOSIS |
| an obligate aerobe with slow growth and clumping characteristics. rods grow slowly, forming filaments, and can grow in clumps. | MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS |
| is a pathogen mainly affecting cattle, causing bovine tuberculosis. cause TB that primarily affects the bones or lymphatic system. ● At one time, a common manifestation of this type of TB was hunchbacked deformation of the spine. | MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS |
| Their resilience is attributed to the lipid-rich cell wall. | MYCOBACTERIA |
| TRUE OR FALSE. TB is commonly acquired by inhaling the bacillus. ● - Fine particles with one to three bacilli reach the lungs, where macrophages usually destroy them. | TRUE |
| a screening test for infection OF TB | TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST |
| - the first effective antibiotic for TB treatment, which was introduced in 1944. | STREPTOMYCIN |
| - a live culture of M. bovis that has been made avirulent by long cultivation on artificial media | BCG VACCINE |
| BCG stands for? | bacillus of Calmette and Guérin, the french scientists who originally isolated the strain. |
| BACTERIAL PNEUMONIAS | ■ Pneumococcal Pneumonia ■ Haemophilus influenzae Pneumonia ■ Mycoplasmal Pneumonia ■ Legionellosis ■ Psittacosis (Ornithosis) ■ Chlamydial Pneumonia ■ Q fever |
| is the most common cause of pneumonia where about ⅔ of the cases of pneumonia are referred to as typical pneumonia | STREPTOCCUC PNEUMONIAE |
| Caused by S. pneumoniae (gram positive, ovoid) which is also a common cause of otitis media, meningitis, and sepsis. This microbe is resistant to phagocytosis as it is surrounded by a capsule. Involves both the bronchi and the alveoli. | PNEUMOCCAL PNEUMONIA |
| Symptoms: high fever, breathing difficulty, and chest pain where atypical pneumonia have a slower onset (less fever and chest pain). - Lungs: have a reddish appearance since blood vessels are dilated. | PNEUMOCCAL PNEUMONIA |
| Gram-negative coccobacillus, and a Gram stain of sputum will differentiate this type of pneumonia from pneumococcal pneumonia. - Children under 5 and adults over 65 are most at risk for infection | Haemophilus influenzae Pneumonia |
| The bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae is ITS causative agenT. a common type of pneumonia in young adults and children. | MYCOPLASMAL PNEUMONIA |
| first received public attention in 1976, when a series of deaths occurred among members of the American Legion who had attended a meeting in Philadelphia. The disease is characterized by a high fever of 40.5°C, cough, and general symptoms of pneumonia | Legionellosis OR LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE |
| - Caused by an aerobic gram-negative rod , which is capable of replication within macrophages. | Legionella pneumophila |
| The most successful method for water disinfection in hospitals with a need to control Legionella contamination has been the installation of copper-silver ionization systems | Men over 50 are the most likely to contract legionellosis, especially smokers or the chronically ill. |
| L. pneumophila is also responsible for , which is essentially another form of legionellosis. Its symptoms include fever, muscular aches, and usually a cough. The condition is mild and self-limiting. | PONTIAC FEVER |
| The term is derived from the disease’s association with psittacine birds, such as parakeets and other parrots | PSITTACOSIS (ORNITHOSIS) |
| One way chlamydiae differ from rickettsias, which are also obligate intracellular bacteria, is that chlamydiae form tiny elementary bodies as one part of their life cycle | Elementary bodies are resistant to environmental stress; therefore, they can be transmitted through air and do not require a bite to transfer the infective agent directly from one host to another |
| The causative agent of psittacosis, a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium. | Chlamydophila psittaci (SIT-tah-se |
| Psittacosis is a form of pneumonia that usually causes fever, coughing, headache, and chills. Subclinical infections are very common, and stress appears to enhance susceptibility to the disease. | Disorientation, or even delirium in some cases, indicates that the nervous system can be involved. |
| Outbreaks of a respiratory illness in populations of college students were found to be caused by a chlamydial organism. - Chlamydophila pneumoniae | CHLAMYDIAL PNEUMONIA |
| first described in Australia during the mid-1930s, when a previously unreported flulike pneumonia made an appearance. In the absence of an obvious cause, the affliction was labeled --- (for query), much as one might say “X fever.” | Q FEVER |
| The causative agent OF Q FEVER was subsequently identified as the obligately parasitic, intracellular bacterium (resistant enough to survive airborne transmission). | Coxiella burnetii |
| C. burnetii is a parasite of several arthropods, especially cattle ticks, and it is transmitted among animals by tick bites. Infected animals include cattle, goats, and sheep, as well as most domestic mammalian pets | Cattle ticks spread the disease among dairy herds, and the microbes are shed in the feces, milk, and urine of infected cattle. Once the disease is established in a herd, it is maintained by aerosol transmission. |
| It is now recognized as a major infectious disease in tropical regions of the world where the pathogen is widely distributed in moist soils. it can also appear as abscesses in various body tissues that resemble necrotizing fasciitis assevere sepsis, . | MELIOIDOSIS |
| The bacterial pathogen,, is a gram-negative rod formerly placed in the genus Pseudomonas. It closely resembled the bacterium causing glanders, a disease of horses | Burkholderia pseudomallei |
| Therefore, the disease was named melioidosis from the Greek... | melis (distemper of asses) and eidos (resemblance). |
| VIRAL DISEASE OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASE | VIRAL PNEUMONIA RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) INFLUENZA |
| Occurs as complication of influenza, measles or chickenpox ○ Caused by Enteroviruses | VIRAL PNEUMONIA |
| Named after its ability to cause cell fusion (syncytium formation).Most common in infants. Symptoms include: coughing & wheezing for more than 1 week and fever if there are bacterial complications | Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) |
| Contains: 8 RNA Segments, Outer covering lipid bilayer, inner covering capsid layer | INFLUENZA VIRUS |
| ■ Proteins of their globular heads change rapidly however in the stalk, it is conserved ■ Proteins of stalks are not strongly antigenic but molecules can be attached to stalks to provoke stronger responses | Hemagglutinin stalks |
| 1918-1919 Pandemic | Caused by Influenza H1N1 strain ■ Young adults had the highest mortality rate, death occurs in few hours as caused by “cytokine storms” ■ Change in virulence allowed the virus to invade lungs and cause lethal hemorrhage |
| FUNGAL DISEASE OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | HISTOPLASMOSIS COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS PNEUMOCYTIS PNEUMONIA BLASTOMYCOSIS |
| Resembles tuberculosis. ● revealing lung lesions in tuberculin-test-negative individuals. ● Initially infect the lungs and can spread in the blood and lymph, causing lesions in almost all organs of the body | Histoplasmosis |
| CAUSATIVE AGENT OF HISTOPLASMOSIS a dimorphic fungus; has a yeast-like morphology ● In soil or artificial media, it forms a filamentous mycelium carrying reproductive conidia. | Histoplasma capsulatum |
| Fungal pulmonary disease that is also restricted geographically ● In less than 1% of cases, a progressive disease resembling tuberculosis disseminates throughout the body. it is sometimes known as Valley fever or San Joaquin fever. | COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS |
| CAUSATIVE OF COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS. a dimorphic fungus. ● The arthroconidia are found in dry, alkaline soils of the American Southwest and in similar soils of South America and northern Mexico. | Coccidioides immitis |
| 1993: it had become a primary indicator of AIDS - The loss of an effective immune defense allows the activation of a latent infection. | Pneumocystis Pneumonia |
| CAUSATIVE AGENT OF PNEUMOCYTSTIS PNUEMONIA. its taxonomic position is uncertain: share characteristics with protozoa and fungi. can be found in healthy human lungs, mostly found in the lining of the alveoli. | Pneumocystis jirovecii |
| - It resembles bacterial pneumonia and can spread rapidly. - Cutaneous ulcers commonly appear when the yeast are disseminated in circulating monocytes. - Abscesses may form, with extensive tissue destruction. | Blastomycosis |
| CAUSATIVE AGENT OF BLASTOMYCOSIS. dimorphic fungus | Blastomyces dermatitids |
| Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease | ASPERGILLOSIS Rhizopus and Mucor |
| Causative Agent: Aspergillus fumigatus and other Aspergillus species. Transmission: Airborne conidia.Common in decaying vegetation, with compost piles being favorable for growth. | ASPERGILLOS |
| TABLE TABLE SUMMARY BOOKMARK | OKAY OKAY |
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