Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Micro R1 (FINALS)
Chapter 13- VIRUS, VIROIDS, AND PRIONS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a contagious fluid 100 years ago | contagium vivum fluidum |
| Latin for poison | Virus |
| He was the one who isolated Tobacco Mosaic Virus and it paved the way for chemical and structural studies on viruses | Wendell Stanley |
| Viewing of viruses is now possible because of the invention of? | Electron Microscope |
| 4 Major Characteristics and Behavior of Viruses? | ●Inert outside of living cells ● Complex aggregation of nonliving chemicals or exceptionally simple living microorganisms ● Small (filterable) ● Obligatory Intracellular Parasites |
| 4 Distinctive Features | contains a single type of nucleic acid, protein coat, Multiply inside living cells, and Cause the synthesis of specialized structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells. |
| TRUE OR FALSE . Viruses have a few or no enzymes for metabolism. | TRUE |
| These drugs that would interfere with viral multiplication would also interfere with the functioning of the host cell and therefore are too toxic for clinical use. | ANTIVIRAL DRUGS |
| Comparison Between Viruses and Bacteria | TABLE TABLE FILL IN THE BLANNKS (YES OR NO) |
| It is the spectrum of host cells the virus can infect. | HOST RANGE |
| Theses re viruses that infect bacteria. | Bacteriophages or Phages |
| What can viruses infect? | Invertebrates, vertebrates, plants, protists, fungi, and bacteria. Able to infect specific types of cells of only one host species. |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Viruses cannot cross the host-species barrier, thus it has small host range. | FALSE |
| Virus's criteria for hosts are determined by? | requirements for its specific attachment to the host cell and cellular factors required for viral multiplication |
| The outer surface of the virus must chemically interact with specific__________ on the surface of the cell | RECEPTOR SITES |
| Bacteriophages—receptor site is??? | part of the cell wall of the host; or fimbriae and flagella |
| Animal viruses—receptor sites are on the??? | plasma membranes of the host cells |
| Using bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections—was developed in France in 1919 and used until 1979. | PHAGE THERAPY |
| Evidence suggests bacteriophages in the human microbiome play a role in maintaining health. TRUE OR FALSE. | TRUE |
| Viral Size Is determined with the aid of??? | ELECTRON MICROSOCOPY |
| Viruses length ranges from ??? | 20 to 1000 nm |
| It is a complete, fully developed, infectious viral particle composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat outside a host cell. | VIRION |
| Viruses are classified by their??? | nucleic acid and structures of their coats. |
| Viral Structures include? | Nucleic Acid. Capsid. Envelope. Capsomeres. Spikes |
| Viral genes are encoded by | either DNA or RNA—but never both |
| The genome of a virus can be single-stranded but not double-stranded. TRUE OR FALSE | FALSE. The genome of a virus can be single-stranded or double-stranded |
| Nucleic Acid Can be in several separate segments examples of this is??? | INFLUENZA VIRUS |
| It can also be linear or circular. The nucleic acid. | TRUE |
| It is a protein coat that protects the virus's nucleic acid. It accounts for most of the mass of a virus, especially of small ones. | CAPSID |
| These are carbohydrate-protein complexes that project from the surface of the envelope (present or not depending on the virus). Could function as an attachment mechanism and identification. | SPIKES |
| covers the capsid (in some viruses). Usually consists of some combination of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates | ENVELOPE |
| —protein subunits of capsids. They could be single or several types of proteins. The arrangement of capsomeres is a characteristic of particular types of viruses. | CAPSOMERES |
| Due to this some viruses can escape antibodies; surface of this are susceptible to mutations, such that the antibodies aren’t able to react with them | VIRUS PROTEINS |
| The clumping of red blood cells due to spikes of the Influenza virus. The clumping of RBC is a phenomenon called? | Hemagglutination |
| Capsids aren’t covered by an envelope. Their capsid protects the nucleic acid from nuclease enzymes in biological fluids and promotes the virus’s attachment to susceptible host cells | NONENVELOPED VIRUSES |
| General Morphology of viruses are based on?? | Based on capsid architecture revealed through X-ray crystallography |
| Enumerate the general morphology of viruses (4). | Helical Viruses, Polyhedral Viruses, Enveloped Viruses, and Complex Viruses (Bacteriophages an Poxviruses) |
| Resemble long rods that may be rigid or flexible, Nucleic acid is found within a hollow, Cylindrical capsid that has this striking structure | HELICAL VIRUSES |
| Examples of Helical Viruses are? | Rabies and Ebola Virus |
| Many plant, animal, and bacterial viruses are in this kind of structure. Its capsid is in the shape of an icosahedron , with capsomeres of each face forming an equilateral triangle. | POLYHEDRAL VIRUSES |
| what is an ICOSAHEDRON ??? | a regular polyhedron with 20 triangular faces and 12 corners |
| Example of Polyhedral Viruses is ??? | Adenovirus and Poliovirus |
| They are are roughly spherical and the capsid is covered with an envelope. | ENVELOPED VIRUSES |
| Example of Enveloped Viruses are ??? | Enveloped Helical (Influenza virus) . Enveloped Polyhedral Viruses (Human Herpes Virus) |
| Are viruses that have a complicated structures. | COMPLEX VIRUSES |
| Example of Complex Viruses are ??? | Bacteriophages and Poxviruses |
| capsids to which additional structures are attached. The capsid (head) is polyhedral (contains the nucleic acid) and the Tail Sheath is helical. | BACTERIOPHAGES |
| Are viruses that do not contain identifiable capsids but have several coats around the nucleic acid | POXVIRUSES |
| The viral portion of the human microbiome | The Human Virome |
| Are viruses found in the same sites as the majority of bacterial microbiome??? | YES |
| This is the majority of viruses that affect human health and disease by controlling the growth of normal and pathogenic bacteria. | BACTERIOPHAGES |
| Enumerate the Phage Interaction (2) | 1. Kill the Winner 2. Kill the Competition |
| This kind of interaction by Bacteriophages kill bacterial colonizers in the body. The bacteriophage benefits by having a host for reproduction, and the human host benefits by having the bacteriophage prevent colonization by pathogens | KILL THE WINNER |
| Some bacteriophages may protect the bacterial microbiome from invasion by other bacteria vying to gain a foothold in the area. | KILL THE COMPETITON |
| Enterococcus bacteria release lytic bacteriophages, from prophages when competing enterococci are present—thus killing the competition. | KILL THE COMPETITON |
| It helps us organize and understand newly discovered viral organisms. | VIRAL TAXONOMY |
| It is a system of classification based on symptoms. | SYMPTOMATOLOGY |
| Symptomatology is the oldest classification system for Virus. TRUE OR FALSE??/ | TRUE |
| Symptomatology is convenient and is scientifically acceptable; the same virus may cause more than one disease, depending on the tissue affected. TRUE OR FALSE???? | FALSE |
| Viruses modern hierarchical system are now grouped according to??? | According to how their mRNA is produced. |
| Enumerate its modern hierarchical system and its corresponding suffix. | ● Order (-ales) ● Family (-viridae) ● Genus (-virus) |
| It is A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host range) | VIRAL SPECIES |
| Are specific epithet for viruses used??? | NO |
| Species or subspecies??? human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | SPECIES |
| Species or subspecies??? HIV -1 | SUBSPECIES |
| He was the on to developed a classification scheme for viruses, he was the one to discover retroviruses. | DAVID BALTIMORE |
| In this classification, there are seven (7) classes indicated by Roman numerals (I-VII), and 20 families of viruses under this system. It is grouped by clusters viruses into families depending on their type of genome. | The BALTIMORE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME |
| Enumerate the seven classes under Baltimore classification scheme. | CLASS I: DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA CLASS II: SINGLE-STRANDED DNA CLASS III: DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA CLASS IV: SINGLE-STRANDED RNA, + STRAND CLASS V: SINGLE-STRANDED RNA, - STRAND CLASS VI: SINGLE-STRANDED RNA, PRODUCE DNA CLASS VII: DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA, |
| Non-enveloped Medium-sized viruses that cause various respiratory infections in humans; some cause tumors in animals. Size is (70–90 nm). Example of this is Mastedenovirus. | ADENOVIRIDAE |
| Non-enveloped. Small viruses that cause warts and cervical and anal cancer in humans. Size is (40–57 nm). Example of this virus is Papillomavirus (human wart virus) and Polyomavirus | PAPOVAVIRIDAE |
| Enveloped. Very large, complex, brick-shaped viruses that cause smallpox (variola), molluscum contagiosum (wartlike skin lesion), and cowpox. Size is (200-350 nm). Examples are Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia and smallpox viruses) and Molluscipoxvirus | POXVIRIDAE |
| Enveloped. Medium-sized viruses that cause various human diseases: fever blisters, chickenpox, shingles, and infectious mononucleosis; cause a type of human cancer called Burkitt’s lymphoma. Size is (150-200 nm). | HERPESVIRIDAE |
| Enumerate virus under Class II . What is class II? | CLASS II: SINGLE-STRANDED DNA Nonenveloped. Parvoviridae |
| This examples are in what class of virus and specifically what it is?? Simplexvirus (HHV-1 and -2) ● Varicellovirus (HHV-3) ● Lymphocryptovirus (HHV-4) ● Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) ● Roseolovirus (HHV-6 and HHV-7) ● Rhadinovirus (HHV-8) | HERPESVIRIDAE |
| Fifth disease; anemia in patients that are immunocompromised. Size is (18-25 nm). Example of this is Human parvovirus B19. | PARVOVIRIDAE |
| Enumerate virus under Class III . What is class III? | CLASS III: DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA Nonenveloped. Reoviridae |
| Generally mild respiratory infections are transmitted by arthropods; Colorado tick fever is the best-known. Size is (60-80nm). Examples include Reovirus and Rotavirus. | REOVIRIDAE |
| Enumerate virus under Class IV . What is class IV? | CLASS IV: SINGLE-STRANDED RNA, + STRAND Nonenveloped: Picornaviridae and Caliciviridae Enveloped: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Coronaviridae |
| NE. Includes the polio-, coxsackie-, and echoviruses; hand-foot-mouth virus; more than 100 rhinoviruses exist and are the most common cause of colds. Size is (28-30nm). Examples include Enterovirus, Rhinovirus (common cold virus), Hepatitis A virus is | PICORNAVIRIDAE |
| Non-Enveloped. Includes causes of gastroenteritis and hepatitis E. Size is (35-40 nm). Examples include Hepatitis E virus and Norovirus. | CALICIVIRIDAE |
| En. Includes many viruses transmitted by arthropods (Alphavirus); diseases include eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), western equine encephalitis (WEE), and chikungunya. Rubella virus is transmitted by the respiratory route. Size is 60-70 nm. | TOGAVIRIDAE |
| Enumerate virus includes under Togaviridae. (2) | Alphavirus and Rubivirus (rubella virus) |
| Can replicate in arthropods that transmit them; diseases include yellow fever, dengue, Zika, and West Nile encephalitis. Size is 40-50 nm. Examples include ● Flavivirus ● Pestivirus ● Hepatitis C virus | FLAVIVIRIDAE |
| Associated with upper respiratory tract infections and the common cold; SARS virus, MERS-CoV. Size is 80-160 nm. It includes the famous Coronavirus. | CORONAVIRIDAE |
| Enumerate viruses under Class V . What is class V? | CLASS V: SINGLE-STRANDED RNA, - STRAND One strand of RNA, Enveloped: Rhabdoviridae, Filoviridae, and Paramyxoviridae. Virusoid or Satellite RNA: Deltaviridae. Multiple Strands of RNA, Enveloped: Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Arenaviridae. |
| Bullet-shaped viruses with spiked envelopes; cause rabies and numerous animal diseases. Size is 70-180 nm. Examples include ● Vesiculovirus (vesicular stomatatis virus) ● Lyssavirus (rabies virus) | RHABDOVIRIDAE |
| Enveloped, helical viruses; Ebola and Marburg viruses. Size is 80-14,00 nm. Example includes Filovirus. | FILOVIRIDAE |
| Paramyxoviruses cause parainfluenza, mumps, and Newcastle disease in chickens. Size is (150-300 nm. Examples include ● Paramyxovirus ● Morbillivirus (measles virus) | PARAMYXOVIRIDAE |
Created by:
Biojam
Popular Biology sets