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Unit 6 Sebastian
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Double Helix | The shape of the DNA molecule; consists of TWO nucleotide chains that wrap around each other to form a double spiral. |
| Nucleotides | Monomers that make up DNA and RNA; consist of a nitrogen base (A, C, T, U, or G), a sugar and a phosphate molecule. |
| Adenine (A) | Nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with T or U. |
| Guanine (G) | Nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with C. |
| Cytosine (C) | Nitrogenous base found DNA and RNA; pairs with G. |
| Thymine (T) | Nitrogenous base found DNA only; pairs with A. |
| Uracil (U) | Nitrogenous base found RNA only; pairs with T. |
| Purines | Nitrogenous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil, |
| Pyrimidines | Nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil. |
| Complementary | Matching, as in complementary bases: A, matches T or U; C matches G. |
| Semi-conservative replication | Specific type of replication in DNA that result in two, double stranded DNA molecules. Each new molecule has half of the original strand, and half that is a complimentary (newly built) strand. |
| Hydrogen bonds | Weak attraction between molecules; hydrogen bonds hold the rungs of the DNA ladder together, but can be easily broken and reformed again. |
| Helicase | Enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA. |
| Ligase | Enzyme that creates bonds between sugars and phosphates in a growing DNA or RNA strand as it is being built. |
| DNA Polymerase | enzymes that can bind to a single (unwound and separated) DNA strand, read it, and synthesize a new strand of complementary DNA; some are able to proofread their work. |
| protein synthesis | the formation of proteins using information coded on DNA and carried out by RNA in the ribosome |
| messenger RNA (or mRNA) | a single uncoiled strand of RNA that transmits information from DNA to the ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| transfer RNA (or tRNA) | a single folded strand of RNA that bonds with and carries a specific amino acid |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | a globular form of RNA that is the major constituent of the ribosomes |
| transcription | the process of forming a mRNA strand from a DNA strand in the nucleus |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme used in protein synthesis (translation) read a DNA gene and copose a complementary mRNA strand |
| codon | a 3-nucleotide mRNA sequence that codes for one specific amino acid |
| start codon | a coding sequence that signals the beggining of the gene to be transcribed |
| stop codon | a coding sequence that signals the end of the gene to be transcribed |
| translation | the formation of proteins in the cytoplasm using information coded on mRNA and carried out by the ribosome |
| anticodon | one end of a tRNA molecule that contains a set of three nucleotides that will compliment codons on the mRNA during translation; has a site for a specific amino acid on the opposite end |
| mutations | a mutation is any change in the DNA's letter (nitrogenous base) sequence |
| point mutation | a change in a single nitrogen base in DNA; may or may not cause a change in the amino acid depending on position of letter changed |
| frameshift mutation | addition or deletion of a nitrogen base, causing a shift in codons so that the gene sequence is nonsense |
| mutagen | anything that causes a mutation |
| human genome project | an international effort to determine all the base pairs of the human genome |
| DNA fingerprinting | scientists utilize the genetic "fingerprints" where DNA is broken into pieces and examined for patterns |
| gene therapy | treats a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into a cell or by correcting a defect in a cell's genome |
| genetic engineering | used to identify genes for specific traits or to transfer genes from one organism to another organism; involves the making of recombinant DNA in a lab |
| recombinant DNA | a combination of DNA from two or more sources |
| genetically modified organisms (GMOs) | any organism whose DNA has been modified by genetic engineering |
| cloning | refers to any of a number of biotechnologies that aim to reproduce a genetic copy of an entire organism |
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