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Topic 2: Cell System
structure and function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cells | the basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| microscope | an instrument that makes small objects look larger |
| cell theory | a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things |
| organelle | a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell |
| cell wall | rigid supporting layer that surrounds the cells of plants |
| cell membrane | a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds a cell and controls which substances pass into and out of a cell |
| cytoplasm | a clear, gel-like fluid that fills a cell and carries nutrients, proteins and organelles around the cell |
| nucleus | a large oval structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities (brain of the cell) |
| mitochondria | converts energy stored in food to energy the cell can use (ATP) |
| chloroplast | captures energy from sunlight and changes it to energy the cells can use for making food |
| vacuole | sac-like organelle that stores food, water and other nutrients until the wastes can be removed from the cell |
| selectively permeable | means some substances can pass across the cell membrane while others can not |
| diffusion | the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane |
| endocytosis | the cell membrane takes particles INTO the cell |
| exocytosis | allows large particles to move OUT OF the cell |
| cell cycle | the regular sequence of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides into form two daughter cells |
| interphase | the first stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows and makes copies of its DNA in preparation for division |
| replication | the cell makes a copy of the DNA in its nucleus before division |
| mitosis | the process of the cell's nucleus dividing into two new daughter cells |
| photosynthesis | the process of the cells capturing energy in sunlight and using it to make food |
| autotrophs | producers capable of making their own food |
| heterotrophs | consumers that can not make their own food |
| chlorophyll | green photosynthetic pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants |
| cellular respiration | process in which oxygen and glucose undergo a complex series of chemical reactions inside cells, releasing energy |
| fermentation | the release of energy from food without using oxygen |
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