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definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Double helix | The shape of the DNA molecule; consists of TWO nucleotide chains that wrap around each other to form a double spiral. |
| nucleotides | monomers that make up DNA and RNA; consists of a nitrogen base(A, C, T, U, or G), a sugar and a phosphate molecule |
| Adenine(A) | nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with T or U |
| Guanine(G) | nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with C |
| Cytosine(C) | nitrogenous base found in DNA G |
| Thymine(T) | nitrogenous base found in DNA only; pairs with A |
| Uracil(U) | nitrogenous base found in RNA only; pairs with T |
| Purines | nitrogenous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; Adenine and Guanine |
| Pyrimidines | nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; Cytosine, Thyminr and Uracil |
| complementary | matching, as in complementary bases: A, matches T or U; C matches G |
| semi-conservative replication | Specific type of replication in DNA that results in tow, double stranded DNA molecules. Each new molecule has half of the origional strand, and half that is a complimentary (newly built) strand |
| hydrogen bonds | weak attractions between molecules; hydrogen bonds hold the rungsof the DNA ladder together, but can be easily broken and reformed again. |
| Helicase | Enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA |
| Ligase | Enzyme that creates bonds between sugars and phosphates in a growing DNA or RNA strand as it is being built |
| DNA polymerase | enzymes that can bind to a single(unwound and seperated) DNA strand, read it, and synthesize a new strand of complementary DNA; some are able to proofread their work |
| protein synthesis | the formation of proteins using information coded on DNA and carried out by RNA in the ribosome |
| messenger RNA (or mRNA) | a single uncoiled strand of RNA that transmits information from DNA to the ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| transfer RNA or (tRNA) | a single folded strand of RNA that bonds with and caries a specific amino acid. |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | a globular form of RNA that is the major constituent. of the ribosomes. |
| transcription | the process of forming a mRNA strand from DNA strand in the nucleus |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme used in protein synthesis (translation) read a DNA gene and compose a complementary mRNA strand.. |
| codon | a 3-nucleotide mRNA sequence that codes for one specific amino acid |
| start codon | a coding sequence that signals the end of the gene to be transcribed |
| stop codon | a coding sequence that signals the end of the gene to be transcribed |
| translation | the formation of proteins in the cytoplasm using information coded on mRNA and carried out by the ribosome. |
| anticodon | one end of a tRNA molecule that contains a set of three nucleotides that will compliment codons on the mRNA during translation; has a site for a specific amino acid on the opposite end |
| mutations | a mutation is any change in the DNA's letter (nitrogenous base) sequence |
| point mutation | a change in a single nitrogen base in DNA; may or may not cause a change in the amino acid depending on position of letter changed |
| frameshift mutation | addition or deletion of a nitrogen base, causing a shift in codons so that the gene sequence is nonsense. |
| mutagen | anything that causes a mutation |
| human gene project | an international effort to determine all the base pairs of the human genome |
| DNA fingerprinting | scientist utilize the genetic fingerprints where DNA is broken into peices and examined for patterns |
| gene therapy | treats a genetic disorder by introducing into a cell or by correcting a defect in a cells genome |
| recombinant DNA | a combination of DNA from two or more sources |
| genetically modified organisms (GMOs) | any organism whose DNA has been modified by genetic engineering. |
| cloning | refers to any of a number of biotechnologies that aim to reproduce a genetic copy of an entire organism. |
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