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DNA, RNA & Synthesis

QuestionAnswer
double helix the shape of the DNA molecule; consists of TWO nucleotide chains that wrap around each other to form a double spiral
nucleotides monomers that make up DNA and RNA; consists of a nitrogen base (A, C, T, U, or G), a sugar and phosphate molecule
Adenine (A) nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with T or U
Guanine (G) nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with C
Cytosine (C) nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with G
Thymine (T) nitrogenous base found in DNA only; pairs with A
Uracil (U) nitrogenous base found in DNA only; pairs with T
Purines nitrogenous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
Complimentary matching, as in complimentary bases: A, matches T or U; C matches G
semi-conservative replication specific type of replication in DNA that results in two, double stranded DNA molecules. Each new molecule has half of the original strand, and half that is a complimentary (newly built) strand
hydrogen bonds weak attractions between molecules; hydrogen bonds hold the rungs of the DNA ladder together, but can be easily broken and reformed again
helicase enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA
DNA polymerase enzymes that can bind to a single (unwound and separated) DNA strand, read it, and synthesize an new strand of complimentary DNA; some are able to proofread their work.
protein synthesis the formation of proteins using information coded on DNA and carried out by RNA in the ribosome
messenger RNA (or mRNA) a single uncoiled strand of RNA that transmits information from DNA to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
transfer RNA (or tRNA) a single folded strand of RNA that bonds with and carries a specific amino acid
ribosomal RNA (or rRNA) a globular form of RNA that is the major constituent of the ribosomes
transcription the process of forming a mRNA strand from a DNA strand in the nucleus
RNA polymerase enzyme used in protein synthesis (translation) read a DNA gene and compose a complimentary mRNA strand
codon a 3-nucleotide mRNA sequence that codes for one specific amino acid
start codon a coding sequence that signals the start of the gene to be transcribed
stop codon a coding sequence that signals the end of the gene to be transcribed
translation the formation of proteins in the cytoplasm using information coded on mRNA and carried out by the ribosome
anticodon one end of the tRNA molecule that contains a set of three nucleotides that will compliment codons on the mRNA during translation; has a site for a specificc amino acid on the opposite end
mutations a mutation is any change in the DNA;s letter (nitrogenous base) sequence
point mutation a change in a single nitrogen base in DNA; may or may not cause a change in the amino acid depending on position of letter changed
frameshift mutation addition or deletion of a nitrogenous base, causing a shift in codons so that the gene sequence is nonsense
mutagen anything that causes a mutation
human genome project an international effort to determine all the base pairs of the human genome
DNA fingerprinting scientists utilize the genetic "fingerprints" where DNA is broken into pieces and examined for patterns
gene therapy treats a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into the cell or by correcting a defect in a cell's genome
genetic engineering used to identify genes for specific traits or to transfer genes from one organism to another organism; involves the making of recombinant DNA in a lab
recombinant DNA a combination of DNA from two or more sources
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) any organism whose DNA has been modified by genetic engineering
cloning refers to any of a number of biotechnologies that aim to reproduce a genetic copy of an entire organism
Created by: user-1754405
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