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Audria Unit 6 vocab

DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis(

TermDefinition
Double helix The shape of the DNA molecule; consists of TWO nucleotide chains that wrap around each other to form a double spiral
Nucleotides Monomers that make up DNA and RNA; consists of a nitrogen base (A, C, T, U, or G), a sugar and a phosphate molecule
Adenine Nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with T or U
Guanine Nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with C
Cytosine Nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with G
Thymine Nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with A
Uracil Nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with T
Purines Nitrogen bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines Nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; Adenine and Guanine
Complementary Matching, as in complementary bases: A, matches T or U; C maters G
Semi-conservative replication Specific type of replication in DNA that results in TWO, double stranded DNA molecules. Each new molecule has half of the original strand, and half that is a complementary
Hydrogen bonds Weak attraction between molecules; hydrogen bonds hold the rungs of the DNA ladder together, but can be easily broken and reformed again
Helicase Enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA
Ligase Enzyme that creates bonds between sugars and phosphates in a growing DNA or RNA strand as it is being built
DNA polymerase Enzymes that can bind to a single (unwound and seperation) DNA strand, read it, and synthesize a new strand of complementary DNA; some are able to proofread their work
Protein synthesis The formation of proteins using information coded on DNA and carried out by RNA in the ribosomes
Messenger RNA (or mRNA) A single uncoiled strand of RNA that transmits information coded on DNA and carried out by RNA in the ribosomes
Transfer RNA (or tRNA) A single folded stand of RNA that transmits information from DNA to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) A globular form of RNA that is the major constitution of the ribosomes
Transcrition The prosses of forming a mRNA strand from a DNA strand in the nucleus
RNA polymerase Enzyme used in protein synthesis (translation) read a DNA gene and copose a complementary mRNA strand
Codon A 3-nucleotide mRNA sequence that that codes for one specific amino acid
Start codon A coding sequence that signals the end of the gene to be transmitted
Stop codon A coding sequence that signals the end of the gene to be transcribed
Translation The formation of proteins in the cytoplasm using information coded on mRNA and carried out by the ribosome
Anticodon One end of a tRNA molecule that contains a set of three nucleotids that will compliment codons on the mRNA during translation; has a site for specific amino acid on the opposite entation is any chhange in the DNA's letter (nitrogen base) sequence
Mutations A mutation is any change in the DNA's letter (nitrogen base) sequence
Point mutation A change in a single nitrogen base in DNA; may or may not cause a change in the acid depending on position of letter change
Frameshift mutation Addition or deletion of a nitrogen base, causing a shift in codons so that the gene sequence in nonsense
Mutagen Anything that causes a mutation
Human genome project An international effort to determine all the base pairs of the human genome
DNA fingerprinting Scientists utilize the genetic "fingerprints" where DNA is broken into pieces and examined for patterns
Gene therapy Treats a genetic disorder by introducing a gene into a cell or b correcting a defect in a cell's genome
Genetic engineering Used to identify genes for specific traits or to transfer genes
Recombinant DNA A combination of DNA from two or more sources
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Any organisms whose DNA has been modified by genetic engineering
Cloning Refers to any of a number of biotechnologies that aim to reproduce a genetic copy of an entire organisms
Created by: user-1761409
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