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AP Bio Unit 2 Cells
Cell Structure & Function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cells | the smallest units of living matter. |
| prokaryote | unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle |
| eukaryote | cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments or sacs |
| chromosomes | structure within the nucleus that is made up of chromatin that contains DNA, the hereditary material |
| organelles | compartment or sac within a cell |
| nucleolus | darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling the subunits of the ribosomes |
| ribosomes | cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis |
| Rough ER | region that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis |
| Smooth ER | region that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies certain chemicals (like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants), and stores calcium ions |
| Cisternae | Flattened, membrane-bound compartments that make up the Golgi apparatus |
| Autophagy | A process in which lysosomes decompose damaged organelles to reuse their organic monomers |
| Lysosomes | organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles |
| Peroxisomes | small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons |
| Golgi | eukaryotic organelle made up of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution |
| Nucleus | darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling the subunits of the ribosomes |
| Vacuoles | membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, which functions in cellular storage and transport |
| Mitochondria | cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in the production of ATP, the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule |
| Chloroplast | plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis |
| Stroma | fluid-filled space surrounding the grana inside a chloroplast where the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place |
| Microfilaments | narrowest element of the cytoskeleton system; it provides rigidity and shape to the cell and enables cellular movements |
| Grana | stack of thylakoids located inside a chloroplast |
| Thylakoids | disc-shaped, membrane-bound structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place; stacks of thylakoids are called grana |
| Intermediate filaments | cytoskeletal component, composed of several intertwined strands of fibrous protein, that bears tension, supports cell-cell junctions, and anchors cells to extracellular structures |
| Microtubules | widest element of the cytoskeleton system; helps the cell resist compression, provides a track for vesicles to move, pulls replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell, and is the structural element of centrioles, flagella, and cilia |
| Actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. |
| Cilia | short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to move an entire cell or move substances along the outer surface of the cell |
| Flagella | flagella) long, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and is used to move the cell |
| Plasma Membrane | phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or attached (peripheral) proteins, that separates the internal content of the cell from its surrounding environment |
| Krebs Cycle | occurs in the mitochondrial matrix - involves a series of redox & decarboxylation reactions that again remove high energy electrons and produce CO2- carried by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain |
| Electron Transport Chain | group of proteins between PSII and PSI that pass energized electrons and use the energy released by the electrons to move hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient into the thylakoid lumen |
| Calvin Cycle | light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into carbohydrates using the energy and reducing power of ATP and NADPH |
| Light Dependent Reactions | first stage of photosynthesis where certain wavelengths of the visible light are absorbed to form two energy-carrying molecules (ATP and NADPH) |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms |
| Photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
| cytosol | gel-like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended |
| Light Independent Reactions | second stage of photosynthesis, though which carbon dioxide is used to build carbohydrate molecules using energy from ATP and NADPH |
Created by:
KellyKirvin
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