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parent/child: ch 33
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Preschool years | 3 - 5 years old |
| Growth at this age | Slows & stabilizes, no more pot belly, can walk normally, & ***potty trained by 3*** |
| Gross motor skills | 3 yrs old - can ride a tricycle, walk on tiptoe, balance on one foot for a few seconds, & do broad jumps 4 yrs old - can skip & hop on one foot & can catch a ball reliably 5 yrs old - can skip on alternate feet & jump rope & begin to skate & swim |
| Fine motor development | Evident in the child’s increasingly skillful manipulation, such as in drawing & dressing |
| Biggest preparation for the age group | School |
| Causality | Preschoolers explain a concept as they heard it described by others, but their understanding is limited (Ex: concept of time -> “a long time means until Christmas”) |
| Initiative vs. guilt (Conflict arises when children overstep the limits of their ability & inquiry & experience a sense of guilt for not having behaved appropriately. Ex: wishing one’s parent dead as a sense of rivalry) | |
| Development of superego or conscious | Begins toward the end of the toddler years & is a major task for preschoolers |
| Piaget (cognitive development) - Preconceptual (2-4 yrs old)/Intuitive thought phase (4-7 yrs old) | Shifts from totally egocentric thought to social awareness & the ability to consider other viewpoints, egocentricity is still evident; language develops (best understood through play); causality resembles logical thought; magical thinking |
| Magical thinking | Because of their egocentrism & transductive reasoning, they believe that thoughts are all-powerful |
| Moral development | Learning right from wrong & good from bad is the beginning of morality; very basic level at this age |
| Naive instrumental orientation | 4 - 7 yrs old; in which actions are directed toward satisfying their needs & less frequently, the needs of others |
| Development of body image | They are aware of the meaning of the words such as pretty or ugly, & they reflect the opinions of others regarding their own appearance |
| Development of sexuality | Preschoolers are forming strong attachments to the opposite-sex parent while identifying with the same-sex parent; sexual exploration is more pronounced; questions arise about sexual reproduction; ***modesty*** |
| Social development | Separation-individuation process is complete; overcomes stranger anxiety & fear of separation; play is therapy & beneficial for working through life |
| Telegraphic | Children between 3 & 4 years old form sentence of about three or four words & include only the most essential words to convey a meaning |
| Personal-social behavior | By 4 or 5 yrs old, they need little if any assistance with dressing, eating, or toileting; they can also be trusted to obey warnings of danger; however 3 or 4 yr olds ma exceed their boundaries; begin to question teachings of parents; prefer their peers |
| Play | Associative - group play in similar or identical activities but without rigid organization or rules; imitative, imaginative, & dramatic play (Ex: house); mutual play - children benefit from play with parents, provides enriched opportunities for learning |
| 5 R’s to promote school readiness | Read with their children daily Rhyme, play, & cuddle with their children daily Maintain family routines for meals, playtime, & sleeping Reward their children with praises for successes Establish strong, nurturing relationships with their children |
| Sex education | 2 rules for answering sexual questions: 1) find out what children know & think 2) be honest; masturbation: normal & healthy; parents should emphasize that it is a private act, thus teaching children socially acceptable behavior |
| Fears | Normal; could be fear of the dark, being left alone, animals, ghosts, sexual matters, & objects or persons associated with pain; animism - ascribing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects, help explain why children fear object; desensitization can help |
| Stress | Innate - stem from unique understanding of the world or imposed such as beginning school; signs - attitude changes, aggression, or stomach pains |
| Speech problems | Speech therapy; most critical period for speech development occurs between 2 & 4 yrs of age |
| Dyslalia | Articulation problems |
| Denver Articulation Screening Exam | An excellent tool for assessing the articulation skills of a child & for explaining to parents the expected progression of sounds |
| Health | Nutrition - balanced snacks Dental - brush teeth & take to dentist Activity - exercise & limit electronics |
| Injury prevention | Helmets, stranger danger, & watch for cars |
| Communicable diseases | Incidence has declined with increase of immunizations; complications have decreased with use of antibiotics & antitoxins |
| Primary prevention of disease | Immunization |
| Controlling spread of disease | - Reducing risk of cross-transmission of organisms - Infection control policies - Hand washing |
| Chickenpox (Varicella) | Airborne precautions, transferred by droplets, teach child to apply pressure to pruritic area rather than scratching it, vessels need to be crusted over before going back outside, & ***know pictures on pg. 888*** |
| Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease) | Symptomatic & supportive - antipyretics, analgesics, antiinflammatory drugs, or possible blood transfusion for transient aplastic anemia; isolation is not necessary; s/s: ***”slap cheeks” not blush*** |
| Measles (Rubeola) | Treatment & complications - immunization for prevention, bed rest & antipyretics during febrile period, antibiotics, otitis media, pneumonia, obstructive laryngitis & laryngotracheitis, & vitamin A treatment; ***Koplik spots - pic on pg. 891*** |
| Pertussis (Whooping cough) | Infants are most susceptible; maintain isolation; droplet precautions |
| Rubella (German measles) | ***Picture on pg. 893*** |
| Scarlet Fever | Agent - streptococci; standard & droplet precautions until 24 hrs after initiation of treatment; ***s/s: first day - white strawberry tongue & third day - red strawberry tongue; pics on pg. 894*** |
| Enterobiasis (Pinworms) | Common in preschoolers; diagnostic: tape test - tape to the booty at night; treatment: one to two doses of pyrantel pamoate & albendazole (mebendazole is not recommended for children younger than 2 years of age); a second dose is repeated in 2 weeks |
Created by:
tatianalopez03
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