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IB Bio Year 1 Unit 2
Biology unit 2 test: Cells -> origins, structures, & metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| light microscopy (LM) | visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses; lenses refract the light in such a way that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye |
| resolution | a measure of the clarity of the image; minimum distance two points can be separated & still be distinguished as separate points |
| organelles | the membrane enclosed structures within living cells |
| electron microscope (EM) | focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface; biological samples have to be prepared to image |
| brightfield (unstained specimen) | LM: light passes directly through the specimen; unless cell is naturally pigmented or artificially stained, image has little contrast |
| brightfield (stained specimen) | LM: staining with various dyes enhances contrast; most staining procedures require preservation of cell (which kills them) |
| phase contrast | LM: variations in density within the specimen are amplified to enhance contrast in unstained cells; especially useful for examining living unpigmented cell |
| differential-interference contrast (Nomarksi) | LM: optical modifications are used to exaggerate differences in density; image appears almost 3D |
| freeze fracture | yields a unique view of membrane structure that is not possible w/ other techniques |
| cyro-electron microscopy (cyro-EM) | has the ability to provide 3D structural information of biological molecules |
| fluorescence | locations of specific molecules in the cell can be revealed by labeling the molecules w/ fluorescent dyes/antibodies; fluorescent stains interact w/ light to produce a different wavelength of light |
| immunofluorescence | antibody + dye; has inherit advantages w/ regards to signal amplification, targeting specificity, resolution, & analytical capabilities |
| substrate | the substance on which an enzyme acts |
| enzyme | a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a certain biochemical reaction |
| active site | a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substances during a biochemical reaction |
| cell theory | cells: are the smallest units of life, come from other cells, all living things are made up of cells |
| what do all typical cells compose of? | cytoplasm that is mainly made up of water, DNA as genetic material, & a plasma membrane composed of lipids |
| plasma membrane | selective barrier that controls what enters & exits the entire cell |
| prokaryotic cell | components: cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, naked DNA in a loop, & 70S ribosomes, nucleoid; no membrane bound organelles; flagella & pili; no histones |
| Main differences between eukaryotes & prokaryotes | eukaryotes have compartmentalization of their organelles; eukaryotes have a nucleus, prokaryotes do not |
| eukaryotic cell | components: plasma membrane, nucleus, 80S ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, variety of vesicles & vacuoles (including lysomes); plasma membrane compartmentalizes all organelles of every cell |
| homeostasis | maintain internal conditions necessary to life |
| differences in eukaryotes | Plants & fungi - cell walls: plants (cellulose walls), fungi (chitin walls); plants - one central vacuole, animals & fungi - lots of little ones; animals only - centrioles; only animals & fungi have cilia & flagella; only plants have chloroplasts |
| atypical cell structures in eukaryotes | fungi can have hyphae that lack walls between cells - results in many nucleate giant cells; red blood cells - no nucleus; skeletal muscle - continuous cells w/ multiple nuclei |
| mycelium | a root like network of fungal threads or hyphae |
| nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm |
| phospholipid bilayer | a barrier to the passage of molecules & in & out of the cell; fundamental structure to the plasma membrane; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have them |
| cell differentiation | the process for developing specialized tissues in multicellular organisms; occurs from different patterns of gene expression often triggered by changes in the environment |
| evolution of multicellularity | evolved repeatedly; many fungi & eukaryotic algae are multicellular; multicellularity has the advantages of larger body size & cell specialization |
| nuclear lamina | the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope is lined by this |
| chromatin | the complex of DNA & proteins making up chromosomes |
| endomembrane system | system that includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysomes, various kinds of vesicles & vacuoles, & the plasma membrane |
| vesicle | organelle consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a liquid bilayer |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | an extensive network of membranous tubules & sacs called cisternae; two distinct regions of the ER - smooth & rough |
| smooth & rough ER | smooth - outer surface lacks ribosomes; rough - studded w/ ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane |
| glycoproteins | proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them |
| Golgi apparatus | somewhat like a warehouse for receiving sorting, & shipping products of ER, such as proteins |
| lysome | a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules |
| phagocytosis | a process in which amoebas & many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles |
| endosymbiont theory | an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell; eventually forming a relationship w/ the host cell in which it was enclosed, becoming a cell living w/in a cell |
| microtubules | all eukaryotic cells have this; hollow rods constructed from a glubular protein called a tubulin |
| evolution of multicellularity | evolved repeatedly; many fungi & eukaryotic algae are multicellular; multicellularity has the advantages of larger body size & cell specialization |
| nuclear lamina | the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope is lined by this |
| chromatin | the complex of DNA & proteins making up chromosomes |
| endomembrane system | system that includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysomes, various kinds of vesicles & vacuoles, & the plasma membrane |
| vesicle | organelle consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a liquid bilayer |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | an extensive network of membranous tubules & sacs called cisternae; two distinct regions of the ER - smooth & rough |
| smooth & rough ER | smooth - outer surface lacks ribosomes; rough - studded w/ ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane |
| glycoproteins | proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them |
| Golgi apparatus | somewhat like a warehouse for receiving sorting, & shipping products of ER, such as proteins |
| lysome | a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules |
| phagocytosis | a process in which amoebas & many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles |
| endosymbiont theory | an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell; eventually forming a relationship w/ the host cell in which it was enclosed, becoming a cell living w/in a cell |
| microtubules | all eukaryotic cells have this; hollow rods constructed from a glubular protein called a tubulin |
| evolution of multicellularity | evolved repeatedly; many fungi & eukaryotic algae are multicellular; multicellularity has the advantages of larger body size & cell specialization |
| nuclear lamina | the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope is lined by this |
| chromatin | the complex of DNA & proteins making up chromosomes |
| endomembrane system | system that includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysomes, various kinds of vesicles & vacuoles, & the plasma membrane |
| vesicle | organelle consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a liquid bilayer |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | an extensive network of membranous tubules & sacs called cisternae; two distinct regions of the ER - smooth & rough |
| smooth & rough ER | smooth - outer surface lacks ribosomes; rough - studded w/ ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane |
| glycoproteins | proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them |
| Golgi apparatus | somewhat like a warehouse for receiving sorting, & shipping products of ER, such as proteins |
| lysome | a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules |
| phagocytosis | a process in which amoebas & many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles |
| endosymbiont theory | an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell; eventually forming a relationship w/ the host cell in which it was enclosed, becoming a cell living w/in a cell |
| microtubules | all eukaryotic cells have this; hollow rods constructed from a glubular protein called a tubulin |
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jeanay26
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