Save
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or
Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
edit
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Human Biology

Lecture 16-20

QuestionAnswer
Lect. 16: adenine (A), percentage 20%
Lect. 16: thymine (T), percentage 20%
Lect. 16: guanine (G), percentage 30%
Lect. 16: cytosine (C) percentage 30%
Lect. 16: Mitosis is an example Asexual reproduction
Lect. 16: Meiosis is an example Sexually Reproduction
Lect. 16: DNA in a chromosome consists of two long strands of nucleotides wound around each other the structure is called double helix
Lect. 16: Is asexual reproduction used by all organisms, including humans? Yes. Although individuals reproduce via sexual reproduction, our body cells propagate asexually.
Lect. 16: Interphase in Eukaryotic cell cycle Interphase is a time for acquisition of nutrients, growth, and chromosome duplication aka: chill phase
Lect. 16: G1 (growth phase 1) is a time for acquisition of nutrients and growth to proper size
Lect. 16: S (synthesis phase) is characterized by DNA synthesis, during which every chromosome is replicated
Lect. 16: G2 (growth phase 2) includes completion of cell growth and preparation for division of the cell into daughter cells
Lect. 16: a duplicated chromosome consists of two identical DNA double helices, called sister chromatids
Lect. 16: four main phases in cell division 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase
Lect. 16: What Are the Functions of Cell Division? Cells reproduce by cell division, in which a parent cell normally gives rise to two daughter cells
Lect. 17: Asexual reproduction asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring/ cells by mitotic cell division
Lect. 17: Sexual reproduction sexual reproduction produce offspring through the union of gametes
Lect. 17: Gametes Gametes are produced by a specialized form of cell division called meiosis
Lect. 17: A typical human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes
Lect. 17: Twenty-two of the 23 pairs are called autosomes
Lect. 17: The twenty-third pair that are different in the male and female are called sex chromosomes
Lect. 17: Meiotic cell division Meiotic cell division is the key to sexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells
Lect. 17: Meiosis Meiosis is a specialized cell division process that produces haploid gametes
Lect. 17: Difference between male and female gametes. : Males spermatogenesis
Lect. 17: Difference between male and female gametes. Females oogenesis
Lect. 17: multiple choice Q&A Where do the two chromosomes of a homologous pair originate? One comes from the mother, and one comes from the father.
Lect. 17: Cells in the ovaries and testes undergo meiotic cell division and produce gametes (eggs and sperm) that have only one member of each chromosome pair These kinds of cells are called haploid
Lect. 17: The gametes fuse to form a diploid fertilized egg, the zygote
Lect. 17: Haploid gametes (sperm in males, eggs in females) are formed by meiotic cell division
Lect. 17: Sperm in Males
Lect. 17: Eggs in Females
Lect. 18: Erwin Chargaff Rule: 1. Thymine (T) 20% 2. Cytosine (C) 30% 3. Adenine (A) 20% 4. Guanine (G) 30% 40% (T) & (A) 60% (G) & (C)
Lect. 18: multiple choice Q&A Compare DNA structure with a ladder: The uprights are the ________, and the rungs are the ________. sugar-phosphate backbone; nucleotide bases
Lect. 18: multiple choice Q&A In a DNA strand, if 40% of the nucleotides are guanine, what percent are thymine? 10
Lect. 18: Duplication of the parent cell DNA is called DNA replication
Lect. 18: DNA replication begins with enzymes, called DNA helicases
Lect. 18: DNA replication ends with the enzyme called DNA ligase
Lect. 18: The two resulting DNA molecules have one old parental strand and one new strand (semiconservative replication)
Lect. 18: Nucleotide substitutions Nucleotide substitutions involve changes to individual nucleotides in the DNA sequence
Lect. 18: Insertion mutations Insertion mutations occur when one or more new nucleotide pairs are inserted into the DNA double helix
Lect. 18: Deletion mutations Deletion mutations occur when one or more nucleotide pairs are removed from the double helix
Lect. 18: Mutations Mutation range from changes in single nucleotide pairs to movements of large pieces of chromosomes
Lect. 18: inversion inversion occurs when a piece of DNA is cut out of a chromosome, turned around, and re-inserted into the gap
Lect. 18: translocation translocation occurs when a chunk of DNA (often very large) is removed from one chromosome and attached to another
Lect. 18: multiple choice Q&A Which sequence shows an insertion mutation from the original DNA sequence AACGCAGTG? AATAGCGCAGTG
Lect. 19: DNA contains “molecular blueprint” of every cell
Lect. 19: Proteins contains “molecular workers” of the cell
Lect. 19: Proteins controls cell shape, function, reproduction, and synthesis of molecules
Lect. 19: RNA differs structurally from DNA in three ways 1. RNA has RNA has the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose in its backbone
Lect. 19: RNA differs structurally from DNA in three ways 2. RNA is usually RNA is usually single-stranded
Lect. 19: RNA differs structurally from DNA in three ways 3. RNA contains RNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
Lect. 19: Messenger RNA (mRNA) Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries DNA gene information to the ribosome
Lect. 19: Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosome
Lect. 19: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is part of the structure of ribosomes
Lect. 19: Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the code for protein synthesis from DNA to the ribosomes
Lect. 19: Codons groups of three bases in mRNA, specify which amino acids will be incorporated into a protein
Lect. 19: Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosomes
Lect. 19: anticodon A group of three bases, protrudes from each tRNA
Lect. 19: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) the structures that carry out translation, are composed of rRNA and many different proteins
Lect. 19: DNA directs protein synthesis in a two-step process transcription and translation
Lect. 19: transcription for RNA genetic information Information in a DNA gene is copied into RNA in the process of transcription
Lect. 19: transcription occurs Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Lect. 19: translation for RNA genetic information Messenger RNA, together with tRNA, amino acids, and a ribosome, synthesizes a protein in the process of translation of the genetic information contained in the mRNA
Lect. 19: translation occurs Occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
Lect. 19: multiple choice Why is RNA significant to a cell? DNA holds the instructions for protein synthesis but can’t make the proteins.
Lect. 19: genetic code genetic code translates the sequence of bases in nucleic acids into the sequence of amino acids in proteins
Lect. 19: start codon start codon starts with (AUG)
Lect. 19: stop codons stop codons stops with (UAG, UAA, and UGA)
Lect. 19: multiple choice How does initiation begin? RNA polymerase finds a promoter region and binds, causing the DNA double helix to unwind.
Lect. 19: Each gene consists of two or more segments of DNA that encode for protein, called exons
Lect. 19: that are interrupted by other segments that are not translated, called introns
Lect. 19: Introns are known as junk DNA or extra DNA
Lect. 19: Epigenetics Epigenetics (which means “in addition to genetics”) is the study of how cells and organisms change gene expression and function without changing the base sequence of their DNA
Lect. 19: Epigenetics works in three ways 1. Modification of DNA 2. Modification of chromosomal proteins 3. Changing transcription and translation through the actions of several types of RNA collectively called noncoding RNA
Lect. 20: Evolution Evolution is the change over time in the characteristics of a population
Lect. 20: What does evolution need? Evolutions needs 2 species 1 male and 1 female in order too reproduce and create a population
Lect. 20: Population A population consists of all the individuals of one species in a particular area. Considered to be extinct
Lect. 20: Darwin theory development Evolution and Natural Selection
Lect. 20: Fossils Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of organisms that had died long ago
Lect. 20: multiple choice If a mutation occurs in one member of a population, does that constitute evolution? No. Evolution is a product of change in the population, not in the individual.
Lect. 20: Convergent evolution Convergent evolution involves unrelated species that develop similar characteristics over time
Lect. 20: Divergent evolution involves species with a common ancestor that change to become increasingly different over time.
Lect. 20: meaning that these animals evolved Convergent evolution
Lect. 20: a common ancestor Divergent evolution
Lect. 20: An overwhelming body of evidence supports the theory of evolution - Fossils - Comparative anatomy (the study of how body structures differ among species) - Embryology (the study of developing organisms in the period from fertilization to birth) - Biochemistry (chemical makeup) - Genetics
Lect. 20: multiple choice Homologous structures, such as those of the bird, seal, and human, exhibit __________ evolution, meaning that these animals evolved from a ____________ ancestor. divergent; common
Lect. 20: Regardless of whether it is an arm, leg, flipper or wing, these structures are built upon the same bone structure. Homologies are the result of  divergent evolution
Lect. 20: Analogous structures Analogous structures are structures that are outwardly similar in appearance, but differ in their evolutionary origin
Lect. 20: Artificial selection Artificial selection is selective breeding of domestic plants and animals to produce specific desirable features
Lect. 21:
Created by: Rodney C
Popular Biology sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards