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Reproduction

Chapter 9: Reproduction + Cloning

QuestionAnswer
What is a clone? An organism or cell produced from one ancestor to which they are genetically identical
What is cloning? Techniques used to create genetic copies of an organism
What is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer? A process of cloning. What was used for Dolly the sheep.
Steps to Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer? 1. Enucleation (out of egg cell donor). 2. Extraction (Out of Somatic Cell Donor). 3. Insertion (Egg Cell Donor + Nuclei combine). 4. Development (Within Surrogate mother). Then Clone of Somatic Cell Donor is born.
Issues within Cloning (4) Low efficiency, Health and Longevity, Effectiveness, Ethics.
Sexual Reproduction Requires two mates. Produces offspring genetically different from parents. Takes longer. (Mitosis + Meiosis)
Asexual Reproduction Requires only one parent. Produces offspring genetically identical to parents. Quicker. (Mitosis)
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction Creates genetic diversity.
Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction - Time and Energy - Efficiency (Only females can reproduce) - Dependence on vectors - Risk to Life
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction - Efficient - Rapid Population Growth - Every member can reproduce - Doesn't rely on a vector
Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction Doesn't increase genetic variation.
Ways that Sexual Reproduction creates genetic diversity - Mixing of genetic information through two parents - Random Mating - Crossing Over (Prophase 1) - Independent assortment of non-homologous chromosomes (Metaphase 1)
Why is Genetic Diversity important? "Raw material for natural selection". Individuals whose traits give them more chance to survive leave more offspring Unequal chance of reproduction -----> Accumulation of favorable traits.
Examples of Asexual Reproduction Budding, Fragmentation, Binary Fission, Vegetative Reproduction, Cutting, Grafting
Binary Fission + Steps Separation of the body into two identical daughter cells. DNA Replication, Elongation + Segregation of DNA, Cross Wall Forms (Cytokinesis), Two Daughter Cells.
Mitosis Steps (in order) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
Meiosis Steps (in order) PMATC 1 (two daughter cells - haploid), PMATC 2 (four granddaughter cells - haploid) 1 is Meiosis 1, 2 is Meiosis 2
Created by: Jasmine Gurney
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